The fact that the world population has created exponentially great food demand on the sea, along with the fact that the wild fish stocks have been recorded to be depleted, has placed aquaculture as an unavoidable element of the modern food system. Nevertheless, the effective output of fish farming activities and environmental sustainability is highly conditional upon the provision of appropriate water quality conditions during the production cycle. The paper is a data-driven case study exploring the effects of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) sensor-based water quality monitoring on the health outcome, growth performance, and disease incidence in the aquaculture operations of pond based in Monteria, Colombia..........

[1]. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2022). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2022: Towards Blue Transformation. FAO. Rome.
[2]. Boyd, C. E., D'Abramo, L. R., Glencross, B. D., Huyben, D. C., Juarez, L. M., Lockwood, G. S., & Valenti, W. C. (2020). Achieving sustainable aquaculture: Historical and current perspectives and future needs and challenges. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 51(3), 578–633.
[3]. Timmons, M. B., & Ebeling, J. M. (2013). Recirculating Aquaculture (3rd ed.). Ithaca Publishing Company.
[4]. Wedemeyer, G. A. (1996). Physiology of Fish in Intensive Culture Systems. Chapman and Hall, New York.
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Traditional water management practices rely on static hydraulic models, manual inspections, and reactive maintenance, making them increasingly inadequate in coping with evolving challenges from global urbanization, climate variability, resource limitations, and infrastructure ageing.This study investigates the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), and IoT technologies to optimize urban water systems in real time through proactive leak detection, adaptive demand forecasting, and autonomous quality monitoring.The research presents a framework leveraging predictive analytics, smart sensing networks, and IoT-enabled infrastructure.........

[1]. L. Abdulameer, M. S. Al-Khafaji, A. T. Al-Awadi, et al., "Artificial intelligence in climate-resilient water management: A systematic review of applications, challenges, and future directions," Water Conservation Science and Engineering, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 44, 2025.
[2]. A. Al-Fuqahaet al., "The role of IoT in smart water networks," 2023.
[3]. A. Malek and M. Alimardani, "Enhancing SCADA with AI: A hybrid control approach for smart water utilities," Automation in Construction, vol. 98, pp. 108–116, 2019.
[4]. P. Singh, A. Mishra, and R. Jain, "Artificial intelligence in water resource management: Applications and future perspectives," Sustainable Water Resources Management, vol. 6, no. 4, p. 78, 2020.
[5]. M. Hamouda, M. Elshafei, and M. Mahmoud, "Machine learning applications in water distribution networks: Leak detection and demand management," Journal of Hydroinformatics, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 567–583, 2022

Locally fabricated stationary grain threshers are widely used by smallholder farmers in Nigeria; however, the internal biomechanical loading imposed on operators during machine feeding tasks has received limited quantitative investigation. This study developed a biomechanical strain model linking lifting parameters, joint kinematics, and operational productivity to internal spinal loading during operation of two engine-powered stationary threshers. Thirteen experienced operators performed standardized threshing tasks using Machine 1 (M1: feed height 92 cm; capacity 3000 kg·h⁻¹) and Machine 2 (M2: feed height 161.5 cm; capacity 6500 kg·h⁻¹). Anthropometric characteristics, lifting frequency, load mass per lift, and trunk and upper-limb joint angles were recorded........

[1]. Binswanger-Mkhize, H. P. (2017). Agricultural mechanization in Sub-Saharan Africa: A review of evidence. World Bank Research Observer, 32(1), 1–35. [2]. Chaffin, D. B., Andersson, G. B. J., and Martin, B. J. (2006). Occupational biomechanics (4th ed.). Wiley. [3]. Diao, X., Takeshima, H., and Zhang, X. (2020). An evolving paradigm of agricultural mechanization development: How much can Africa learn from Asia? Global Food Security, 26, 100427. [4]. Food and Agriculture Organization. (2018). Sustainable agricultural mechanization: A framework for Africa. FAO.
[5]. Hignett, S., and McAtamney, L. (2000). Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA). Applied Ergonomics, 31(2), 201–205.

Moving goods by commercial truck fleets matters a lot in shipping products across regions. Still, problems popup-driversgettired,losefocusbehindthewheel,fuelgoesmissing,packagesvanish,andtoughweather adds risk. Older tracking toolslean heavily on GPS signals plus remote computing, costing too much while slowingdownupdates.Thisstudyintroducesabudget-friendlysetupusingmanysmallsensorstowatchboth..........

[1] A.Mohamed,K.Singh,andM.Patel,"Real-timedriverdrowsinessdetectionusingdeepfaciallandmark analysis,"IEEETransactionsonIntelligentTransportationSystems,vol.21,no.5,pp.2150–2159,May 2020.
[2] Y. Zhao, H. Liu, and J. Chen, "Head pose estimation for driver monitoring using low-cost inertial sensors," IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 19, no. 12, pp. 4567–4575, June 2019.
[3] V. Ramachandran and P. Krishnamurthy, "Driver fatigue detection using PERCLOS and EEG-based features," in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Signal Processing and Communication, Bangalore, India, 2021, pp. 112–117.
[4] S. Patel, A. Jain, and R. Verma, "Accelerometer-based driver behaviour classification for fleet monitoring,"InternationalJournalofEngineeringResearchandTechnology,vol.9,no.4,pp.112–118, April 2020.
[5] InvenSenseInc., "MPU-6000 and MPU-6050 Product Specification, Revision 3.4," TDK InvenSense, San Jose, CA, USA, 2013.

Drying of grains into various feed-stocks is needed for one or several of the following reasons: need for easy-to-handle free-flowing solids, preservation and storage, reduction in cost of transportation, achieving desired quality of products. Therefore, it is necessary that these grains are properly dried and stored to ensureavailability. The main objectives of this study were to improve on the existing design of electric paddle grain dryer as follows:(1). Replacement of the analog thermometer whose measurement variation could not be established with digital thermometer for better efficiency........

[1]. Adzimah, K.S and Seckley, E {2009}: "Improvement on the Design of a Cabinet Grain Dryer", America Journal of Engineering and Applied Science 2 (1). Pg. 217 - 228. ISSN 1941 – 7020.
[2]. Khurmi,R.S.K. and Gupta J.K (2012). A textbook of Mechanic design, New Delhi Eurasia publishing house.
[3]. Khurmi, R. S Gupta, (2014): Machine Design: shaft, v-belt and rope, s chand and co.Ltd, New Delhi. Pp 465-498.
[4]. Mujumdar, A.S (2006): "Principles Classification and Selection of Dryers", Handbook of Industrial Drying, Ed; Mujumdar, A.S; Taylor and Francis Group, Part I, Chapter 1, Pg. 29 – 58.
[5]. Madhlopa A, Jones S A, and KalengaSaka J. D (2002): "A Solar Air Heater with composite Absorber Systems for Food Dehydration. Renewable Energy", 27; 27 – 37.

The primary objective of this project is to investigate and demonstrate the efficacy of seismic isolation systems in protecting civil infrastructure from the devastating effects of earthquakes. Natural disasters like earthquakes pose a significant threat to the built environment, often leading to catastrophic structural failures and the loss of human life due to improper design against dynamic lateral forces. This project focuses on the transition from traditional "strength-based" design to a modern "displacement-based" approach, emphasizing the preservation of both the structure and its internal contents..........

........

Women's health has long faced unique challenges due to historical underrepresentation in research and limited access to gender-specific healthcare solutions. This paper explores how biotechnology is reshaping the landscape of women's health through advancements in diagnostics, therapeutics, and personalized medicine. By examining key developmentsfrom reproductive technologies and genomic medicine to chronic disease management and mental health innovationsthis study highlights biotechnology's transformative role in promoting wellbeing and empowerment. Integrating historical perspectives, recent research, and real-world applications, it underscores how biotechnological innovations can bridge gender disparities in healthcare and ensure equitable access to cutting-edge medical care for women worldwide.

[1]. Brown, T., Wilson, A., Patel, S., & Khan, R. (2024). Data privacy in genomic medicine: Protecting women's genetic information. Journal of Medical Ethics, 50(2), 123–135.
[2]. Chen, X., Li, Y., Zhao, L., & Wang, M. (2024). Advances in non-invasive prenatal testing: Detecting fetal sex chromosome aneuploidies. Prenatal Diagnosis, 44(3), 210–220.
[3]. Funding research on women's health.(2024, October).Nature, 623, 455. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-024-00253-7
[4]. Garcia, M., Lopez, D., Hernandez, C., & Park, S. (2024). Wearable biotech devices for mental health monitoring: A new frontier in women's wellbeing. Journal of Medical Innovation, 15(4), 112–125.
[5]. Grace, B. (2025). Digital health technologies to transform women's health.BMJ, 391, 085682. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.085682

The Smart Energy Meter Adaptive Load Control Monitoring System is an advanced solution designed to monitor, analyse, and control electrical energy consumption in real time. This system utilizes an ESP32 microcontroller integrated with voltage and current sensors (ZMPT101B and ZMCT103C) to measure electrical parameters accurately. The collected data is displayed on a 16×4 LCD and simultaneously stored in an SD card module for future analysis. The system also incorporates an RTC DS3231 module to maintain precise time records for energy usage logging. Additionally, the system enables adaptive load control using relays connected........

[1]. K. Sharma, R. Patel "AI-Based Smart Energy Meter for Real-Time Power Monitoring" International Journal of Smart Grid Technology, 2025
[2]. S. Kumar, P. Singh. "Cloud-Integrated IoT Smart Meter for Energy Management" IEEE Access, 2025
[3]. A. Verma, N. Gupta "IoT Enabled Smart Energy Meter for Efficient Power Management" Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2024
[4]. M. Reddy, S. Rao "Smart Metering System for Energy Monitoring Using Cloud Platform" IEEE International Conference on Smart Energy Systems, 2023
[5]. R. Karthik, V. Kumar "IoT-Based Smart Energy Meter with Real-Time Monitoring" International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical Engineering, 2021

The aim of our research is to study the Bianchi type-I cosmological model as a coupling between a cosmic string and an electromagnetic field in Bimetric theory. This led to the existence of the "False Vacuum Model" of the universe (𝜌=𝜆=0) being filled with "Vacuum energy". The constant value of the Hubble parameter(𝐻) indicates the expansion of the universe at a constant rate. i.e. 70𝑘𝑚𝑠−1/𝑀𝑝𝑐=𝐻0which is a result of the constant value of scalar expansion(𝜃). The expansion is found to be uneven from the constant value of the anisotropy parameter(𝐴).

[1]. N. Rosen, A bi-metric theory of gravitation, Gen. Relativ. Gravit. 4, 435–447 (1973).DOI: 10.1007/BF01215403.
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[3]. C. B. Collins, E. N. Glass, and D. A. Wilkinson, Exact spatially homogeneous cosmologies, Gen. Relativ. Gravit. 12, 805–823 (1980). DOI: 10.1007/BF00763057.
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The use of the internet has increased rapidly in recent years, and many users spend a large amount of time on websites such as social media, gaming, and streaming platforms. Sometimes these websites become distractions and may also expose users to harmful or unwanted content. To solve this problem, a software firewall system has been developed using Python programming language. The main purpose of this project is to block selected websites on a computer system and control internet access. The system works by modifying the hosts file of the operating system so that when a user tries to open a blocked website, the browser cannot access it...........

[1] W. Stallings, Network Security Essentials: Applications and Standards, 6th ed. Boston, MA, USA: Pearson, 2017.
[2] J. F. Kurose and K. W. Ross, Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach, 7th ed. Boston, MA, USA: Pearson Education, 2017.
[3] Python Software Foundation, Python Documentation. Available:https://www.python.org
[4] Tkinter Documentation, "Python Graphical User Interface Programming." Available:https://docs.python.org
[5] Microsoft, "Windows Hosts File Documentation." Available:https://learn.microsoft.com

This paper seeks on how to supply electricity to Ihuaba community in Rivers State Nigeria, which currently lacks access to grid electricity, thereby limiting healthcare service delivery, constraining educational development, reducing economic productivity and hindering overall socio-economic growth. The absence of stable power supply has forced residents to rely on costly and environmentally harmful alternatives such as diesel generators and kerosene-based systems. In response to these challenges, this study evaluates the technical, economic, and electrical network viability of deploying an off-grid solar photovoltaic (PV) mini-grid system tailored specifically.........

[1]. Akinboro, T., Lu, J. C. V. X., & Guerrero, J. M. (2016). DC microgrids—Part I: A review of control strategies and stabilization techniques. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 31(7), 4876–4891. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2015.2478857
[2]. Cherukupalli, N. (2018). Mokhtari, H., & Blaabjerg, F. (2017). Hierarchical power sharing control in DC microgrids. In Microgrid (pp. 63–100). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803904-8.00003-2
[3]. Dahlke, Siavashi, E. M. (2018). PV-STATCOM: A new smart inverter for voltage control in distribution systems. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 9(4), 1681–1691.
[4]. Farrokhabadi, M., Cañizares, C. A., Simpson-Porco, J. W., Nasr, E., Fan, L., Mendoza-Araya, P. A., Tonkoski, R., Tamrakar, U., Hatziargyriou, N., Lagos, D., et al. (2020). Microgrid stability definitions, analysis, and examples. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 35(1), 13–29. https://doi.org/[insert DOI]
[5]. Kawabe, K., Ota, Y., Yokoyama, A., & Tanaka, K. (2016). Novel dynamic voltage support capability of photovoltaic systems for improvement of short-term voltage stability in power systems. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 32(3), 1796–1804. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2016.2616439

Integrating Electric Vehicles (EVs) into home-based microgrid systems presents significant opportunities for sustainable energy transition, particularly in sub-Saharan regions where renewable energy resource diversity remains underexplored. This study proposes a home-based microgrid EV charging architecture incorporating an adaptive Renewable Energy (RE) source selection mechanism and evaluates for the Rumuagholu Metropolis in Obio/Akpor Local Government Area, Rivers State, Nigeria. A Simple Logical Analysis (SLA) algorithm is developed to determine the most power-viable RE source - solar photovoltaic (PV) or biogas, on an hourly...........

[1]. Ayodele, T. R., Ogunjuyigbe, A. S. O., Akpeji, K. O., & Akinola, O. O. (2017). Prioritized rule based load management technique
for residential building powered by PV/battery system. Engineering science and technology, an international journal, 20(3), 859- 873.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2017.04.003
[2]. Celik, B., Roche, R., Bouquain, D., & Miraoui, A. (2017). Decentralized neighborhood energy management with coordinated smart home energy sharing. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 9(6), 6387-6397. https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2017.2710358
[3]. Erdinc, O., Paterakis, N. G., Pappi, I. N., Bakirtzis, A. G., & Catalão, J. P. (2015). A new perspective for sizing of distributed
generation and energy storage for smart households under demand response. Applied Energy, 143, 26-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.01.025
[4]. Hemmati, M. (2017). A Sustainable Transition to Renewable Energy Resources in Oil Producing Countries: A Case Study of
Iran. Journal of Solar Energy Research, 24, 249-272. https://jser.ut.ac.ir/article_64917_130e3847388701b782bb97f4a16b6644.pdf
[5]. Iwafune, Y., Ikegami, T., da Silva Fonseca Jr, J. G., Oozeki, T., & Ogimoto, K. (2015). Cooperative home energy management
using batteries for a photovoltaic system considering the diversity of households. Energy conversion and management, 96, 322-329.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.02.083

Classical time complexity analysis models algorithmic cost through asymptotic growth of arithmetic operations with respect to input size, abstracting away hardware-specific factors such as memory hierarchy and communication latency. Contemporary artificial-intelligence workloads frequently involve large-scale distributed training across heterogeneous accelerators, where runtime is influenced not only by arithmetic operations but also by communication, memory access, and energy consumption. This paper re-examines algorithmic efficiency under these large-scale conditions and proposes a multi-dimensional framework for time complexity that integrates five interacting factors: computational, communication, memory, energy, and empirical performance metrics............

[1] Kitaev, N.; Kaiser, Ł.; Levskaya, A. Reformer: The Efficient Transformer. arXiv preprint arXiv:2001.04451, 2020.
[2] H. K. Kushwaha, "Time Complexity in the Age of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence: A Multi-Dimensional Framework," Zenodo,
2026. doi:10.5281/zenodo.18171274.
[3] Tay, Y.; Dehghani, M.; Bahri, D.; Metzler, D. Efficient Transformers: A Survey. ACM Computing Surveys, 2022, 55(6), 1–28.
[4] Song, J.; Meng, C.; Ermon, S. Denoising Diffusion Implicit Models (DDIM). arXiv preprint arXiv:2010.02502, 2020.
[5] Yang, S.; Zhang, X.; Li, Z. Diffusion Models: A Comprehensive Survey. ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing,
Communications, and Applications (TOMM), 2023, 19(3), 1–33.

This paper characterizes the depositional sequence and paleoenvironmental evolution of the OBJ Field in the Niger Delta, utilizing a total of three well logs (OBJ 1, 2, and 3) obtained from the Nigerian Agip Oil Company (NAOC). Integration of gamma ray log motifs reveals a vertical succession typically the Agbada Formation, transitioning from basal progradational delta front shales into a 25m thick, blocky reservoir sand in OBJ-2. This interval is significant tohigh energy distributary channel or shoreface depocenter within a highstand or regressive systems tract...........

[1]. Aikulola, U. O; Olotu, S. O; Yamas, I. (2010). Investigating Fault Shadows in the Niger Delta. The Leading Edge, 29(1), 16-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1190/1.3284048
[2]. Chiazor, F. I; Ugwueze, C. U. (2020). Sequence stratigraphy and petrophysical evaluation of Miocene sediments in the Eastern Niger Delta Basin, Nigeria. International Journal of scientific Research and Engineering Development, 3(3), 735-746
[3]. Dishroon, D. (1983). Global Basin classification system. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 67(12). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1306/ad460936-16f7-11d7-864500012c865d
[4]. Doust, H. and Omatsola, E. (1989). Niger Delta. In American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir, 48, 201-238.
[5]. Emery, D. and Myers, K. J. (1996). Sequence Stratigraphy. Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford, 297 pp. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/97814443710

A dysregulated immune response to infection causes sepsis, a potentially fatal illness that, if left untreated, can cause organ failure and a high death rate. The danger of delayed discovery is increased in non-critical care wards because they rely on occasional manual observation, while intensive care units are the primary locations for continuous monitoring equipment. This paper proposes an embedded early sepsis detection system with the use of NanoEdge AI Studio for the training of an anomaly detection model on the STM32 microcontroller. Biomedical sensors are used to continually.........

[1]. K. E. Rudd et al., "Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990–2017: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study," The Lancet, vol. 395, no. 10219, pp. 200–211, Jan. 2020.
[2]. F. Edathadathil et al., "Epidemiology of Community-Acquired Sepsis: Data from an E-Sepsis Registry of a Tertiary Care Center in South India," Pathogens, vol. 11, no. 11, Art. no. 1226, pp. 1–14, Oct. 2022.
[3]. PhysioNet, "PhysioNet/Computing in Cardiology Challenge 2019: Early Prediction of Sepsis," 2019. [Online]. Available: https://physionet.org/content/challenge-2019/1.0.0/
[4]. V. Abromavicius and A. Serackis, "Sepsis prediction model based on vital signs related features," Sensors, vol. 20, no. 15, Art. no. 4235, pp. 1–15, Aug. 2020.
[5]. I. Krissaane, K. Hampton, J. Alshenaifi, and R. Wilkinson, "Anomaly detection semi-supervised framework for sepsis treatment," IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 19364–19375, 2021.

IoT-based applications are becoming more popular and provide effective solutions for many real-time problems. In this project, real-time monitoring and a prepaid system for energy monitoring system are proposed. A solution is a cheap and easy-to-implement and manages energy monitoring system for our daily usage of electric power. In order to overcome human errors, manual labor and cost reducing in energy consumption with more efficiency for the power management system, in this project, we focus mainly on IoT prepaid energy monitoring..........

[1] Bharathy D, DhivyaC, Monisha A, Rathipriya S, Sikkandhar Batcha J- Smart Energy Meter Monitoring over IOT- International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology (IJMTST)- Vol.06, Issue 06 -June 2020 - page no.[520-523]
[2] Manisha Tejwani, Prachi Rane, Moin Syed, Oyesh Patel, Pragyan Pandey - Iot Based Smart Energy Meter Monitoring and Billing System- International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE)- Vol.9 ,Issue 06 - April 2020 -page no.[1480-1483]
[3] NaziyaSulthana, Rashmi, Prakyathi N, Bhavana S - Smart Energy Meter and Monitoring System using IoT-International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology (IJERT)- Vol. 8, Issue 14, 2020- page no.[50-53]
[4] Nitesh D.Bhavsar, Mansi D.Mahajan, Omkar V.Joshi, D.Y. Thorat- IoT Based Prepaid Energy Meter-International journal of research and technology(IJRT)- Vol.4 ,Issue 3, 2019- page no.[16-18]
[5] Ranganayaki V, Nithish Kumar S , Subash, Mahaprabhu- IOT BASED PREPAID ENERGY METER- International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT)-Volume 9, Issue 7 July 2021-page no[219-224]

Examination malpractices remain a major challenge in both online and offline examination systems. Traditional methods such as human invigilators and CCTV surveillance require continuous monitoring and are prone to human error. This review paper presents an AI-Based Smart Exam Desk designed to enhance examination integrity using computer vision and intelligent monitoring. The proposed system integrates a Raspberry Pi, spy cameras, RF detection modules, and AI-based behavior analysis to automatically detect suspicious activities such as abnormal head movements.........

[1] J. Sharma, R. Verma, and P. Singh, "AI-Based Cheating Detection in Online Exams Using Computer Vision," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Intelligent Systems, pp. 210–215, 2022. [2] A. Patel, K. Mehta, and S. Desai, "Stress Detection Using GSR and Heart Rate Monitoring," Int. J. Eng. Res. Technol. (IJERT), vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 45–50, 2021. [3] S. Kumar and R. Gupta, "Smart Surveillance System Using IoT and Embedded Platforms," Int. J. Computer Applications, vol. 176, no. 18, pp. 12–17, 2020. [4] A. Rosebrock, "Practical Computer Vision with OpenCV and Python," PyImageSearch, 2019. [5] Raspberry Pi Foundation, "Raspberry Pi 4 Model B Datasheet," 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.raspberrypi.com

Traditional farming methods face significant efficiency challenges due to unpredictable environmental factors, resource wastage, and manual monitoring constraints. Many studies show that improper irrigation and soil management lead to substantial crop yield losses, making precision farming necessary. Although automated irrigation systems exist, most operate on fixed schedules and lack intelligent decision-making based on real-time soil health. Similarly, while IoT systems are used for tracking climate data, they often lack integrated actuation mechanisms, and AI-based.........

[1]. Correa-Quiroz, J. J., Toribio-Barrueto, M. A., & Castro-Vargas, C. (2025). "IoT System with ESP32 for Smart Drip Irrigation and Climate Monitoring in Greenhouses." Emerging Science Journal, 9(3), 1133–1157. Why this matches: This paper specifically highlights the 35–40% reduction in water/waste, the use of the ESP32, and the integration of real-time cloud data (Arduino/Blynk) for intelligent decisionmaking. [2]. Impact of Environmental Factors & Yield Loss Reference: Sanjeetha, R., & Abeygunawardhana, P. K. W. (2024). "IoT Based Smart Agriculture System Using ESP32." ResearchGate. Detail: This study quantifies how improper water management reduces yields and argues for realtime monitoring to prevent the 40% loss mentioned in your text. [3]. IoT & ESP32 Microcontrollers Reference: Singh, P., et al. (2023). "Internet of Things Based Smart Irrigation System Using ESP WROOM 32." Journal of Internet of Things, 5(1). Detail: Focuses on the transition from fixed-schedule irrigation to real-time data-driven systems using the ESP32. [4]. AI and Machine Learning in Agriculture Reference: MDPI Agriculture Journal (2023). "Smart Irrigation Systems: A Comprehensive Review of IoT, AI, and Sustainable Agriculture Technologies

The Automatic Writing and Drawing Machine with digital input is a customizable electromechanical system that can write and draw on a surface like a person. The project's main aim is to make writing and drawing automatic by turning digital directions into precise mechanical movements. A microcontroller (like an Arduino), stepper motors for moving the X and Y axes, and a servo motor for moving the pen up and down are components that make up the machine. The technology may precisely replicate text, geometric figures, or complex images on paper or comparable surfaces by decoding commands in formats such as G-code........

[1]. Arduino Official Website, "Arduino Nano Board Overview and Specifications", https://www.arduino.cc.
[2]. GRBL Documentation, "G-Code Interpreter for Arduino-based CNC Systems", GitHub Repository, 2024.
[3]. John, D., & Smith, R. (2021). "Design and Control of Low-Cost CNC Plotters Using Arduino", International Journal of Robotics and Automation, Vol. 8(3), pp. 45–52.
[4]. Banzi, M. & Shiloh, M. (2015). Getting Started with Arduino, 3rd Edition, Maker Media, USA.
[5]. Sharma, P., & Mehta, A. (2020). "Development of Automatic Drawing Robot Using Arduino Microcontroller", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Vol. 7(5), pp. 2105–2109.

This study examines the underlying factors contributing to the difficulties faced by Arts and Science college students in the Virudhunagar district in acquiring English proficiency and effective communication skills. A researcher-designed questionnaire was administered to assess students' grammar knowledge, vocabulary strength and speaking abilities. The collected responses were transformed into a structured dataset, upon which clustering techniques were applied to categorize students based on the primary causes of their limited English proficiency.........

[1] Agustin, R., & Wulandari, S., "The Analysis of Grammatical Errors on Students' Essay Writing by Using Grammarly", Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Proficiency, 2022.
[2] Ayar, Zülal, "Error Analysis of Turkish Learners' English Paragraphs from Lexical and Grammatical Aspects", ELT Research Journal, 2020.
[3] Berzak, Y., Reichart, R., & Katz, B., "Contrastive Analysis with Predictive Power: Typology-Driven Estimation of Grammatical Error Distributions in ESL", arXiv preprint, 2016.
[4] Corder, S. P., "The Significance of Learner's Errors", IRAL – International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 1967.
[5] El Mahdy, F. M., "An Error Analysis of the Grammatical Errors of Egyptian EFL Learners and a Suggested Program for Enhancing Their Grammatical Competence", Transcultural Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2023.

This paper presents the design and implementation of an automated security system simulated using NI LabVIEW. The system bridges the gap between local hardware control and cloud-based mobile notifications by integrating a digital keypad for authentication with a live camera feed for continuous monitoring. Using state-machine logic, machine vision, and secure HTTP web communication, the platform provides a highly responsive approach to automated building security.

[1]. "IoT Based Human Intrusion Detection System using Lab View," ResearchGate, Aug. 2025.
[2]. S. Tippannavar, "Smart Home Automation Implemented using LabVIEW and Arduino," ResearchGate, Sept. 2022.
[3]. Researcher, "Low-Cost Home Security Notification System Using IoT and Telegram Bot," Journal of Computing Research and Innovation, Dec. 2025.
[4]. Kumar, "Design and Implementation of an IOT Enabled Classified Authentication System using LabVIEW," IJRASET, Apr. 2023.

This paper presents a real-time motor protection and monitoring system designed to improve safety and reliability in electrical motor operations. The system uses an ESP32 microcontroller to continuously monitor key parameters such as voltage, current, and temperature of the motor. Sensors like INA219 current sensor and DS18B20 temperature sensor are used to measure electrical and thermal conditions. The system detects abnormal conditions such as over-current, over-voltage, and overheating, and automatically shuts down the motor using a relay module. An LCD display shows real-time parameter values and system status.........

[1]. M. H. Mehdi, A. Ahmad, and Q. Li, "Development of battery management system for electric vehicles," in Proc. 6th Int. Symp. Advanced Technologies and Applications in the Internet of Things (ATAIT), Kusatsu, Japan, Aug. 2024.
[2]. K. Bhandari, S. Ghodekar, H. Kudale, D. Shah, and K. S. Khamkar, "Battery monitoring system for electric vehicles," International Research Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology (IRJIET), vol. 8, no. 3.
[3]. K. Liu, K. Li, Q. Peng, and C. Zhang, "A brief review on key technologies in the battery management system of electric vehicles," Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering.
[4]. A. Al-Fuqaha, M. Guizani, M. Mohammadi, M. Aledhari, and M. Ayyash, "Internet of Things: A survey on enabling technologies, protocols and applications," IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 2347–2376, 2015.
[5]. R. Want, B. N. Schilit, and S. Jenson, "Enabling the Internet of Things," IEEE Computer, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 28–35, 2015.

Firearms training is essential for military personnel, law enforcement officers, and professional shooting athletes. Traditional live-fire training requires specialized infrastructure, safety supervision, and large quantities of ammunition, which significantly increases operational costs and limits accessibility. In recent years, technological advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), computer vision, sensor systems, and immersive simulation technologies have enabled the development of advanced shooting training simulators. These systems provide safe and cost-effective training environments while offering detailed performance analysis..........

[1] R. Girardi et al., "Virtual reality simulator for military shooting training," ACM VRST, 2022.
[2] A. Sudiarno et al., "Virtual reality shooting games for military training," Int. Journal of Technology, 2024.
[3] A. Soetedjo and B. Nurcahyo, "Development of a laser pointer shooting simulator," IEEE Simulation Conf., 2011.
[4] S. H. Sun, "Image capturing system for firearms training simulators," WSEAS Transactions on Systems, 2020.
[5] R. Johnson et al., "Impact of VR firearms training on marksmanship," Military Medicine, 2019.

Saffron is one of the most valuable and delicate crops cultivated in many re-gions of the world. However, saffron plants are highly susceptible to several diseases that affect both the leaves and underground corm structures. Some of the most common diseases affecting saffron cultivation include Saffron Wilt Disease, Leaf Spot Disease, and Corm Rot Disease. These diseases are mainly caused by fungal pathogens that infect plant tissues and disrupt the normal transport of water and nutrients, eventually leading to reduced plant growth and crop yield. Early detection of plant diseases is very important to minimize crop losses and maintain sustainable agricultural production..........

[1]. M. Alsharif et al., "Machine learning algorithms for smart data analysis in IoT environments," Symmetry, 2020.
[2]. P. Mainkar and S. Ghorpade, "Plant leaf disease detection using image processing," International Journal of Innovative Engineer-ing Research (IJIER), 2015.
[3]. P. Mitkal et al., "Leaf disease detection using MATLAB," Interna-tional Journal of Research Trends in Engineering and Technology (IJRTER), 2016.
[4]. P. Landge and S. Patil, "Automatic plant disease detection," In-ternational Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering (IJARCSSE), 2013.
[5]. S. Jagtap and S. Hambarde, "Plant disease detection using mor-phological features," IOSR Journal of VLSI and Signal Processing (IOSR-JVSP), 2014.

Modern communication infrastructures increasingly rely on partially connected mesh architectures to balance cost, performance, and robustness. As distributed systems expand into Internet of Things (IoT), smart environments, and network-on-chip (NoC) platforms, resilience against link and node failures becomes a critical design requirement. This paper investigates the relationship between path diversity and system-level resilience in partial mesh topologies. We analyze how redundancy, multi-path availability, and technological heterogeneity influence fault tolerance, delay, and message delivery guarantees..........

[1]. L. Atzori, A. Iera, and G. Morabito, "The Internet of Things: A survey," Computer Networks, vol. 54, no. 15, pp. 2787–2805, 2010.
[2]. J. P. G. Sterbenz, D. Hutchison, E. K. Çetinkaya, et al., "Resilience and survivability in communication networks: Strategies, principles, and survey of disciplines,"Computer Networks, vol. 54, no. 8, pp. 1245–1265, 2010.
[3]. W. J. Dally and B. Towles, Principles and Practices of Interconnection Networks, San Francisco, CA, USA: Morgan Kaufmann, 2003. (Important for mesh routing and topology fundamentals.)
[4]. G.-M. Chiu, "The odd-even turn model for adaptive routing," IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, vol. 11, no. 7, pp. 729–738, 2000.
[5]. C.-L. Chen and G.-M. Chiu, "A fault-tolerant routing scheme for meshes with nonconvex faults," IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 467–475, 2001.

Critical in the design of modern elevator systems is the gap between dispatch optimization and real-time system adaptability, particularly in safety-critical scenarios where rapid and reliable responses are essential. Conventional elevator control strategies often suffer from high acceleration peaks, delayed response, uneven ride comfort, inefficient energy usage, and limited adaptability to varying passenger loads and traffic patterns. In this work, intelligent elevator system using adaptive self-tuning regulator (ASTR) and fuzzy logic control (FLC), embedded within a destination control system (DCS) is developed. The proposed approach employed a time-varying........

[1] Bapin, Y. &Zarikas, V. (2019). Smart building's elevator with intelligent control algorithm based on Bayesian networks. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 10(2), 16–24. https://doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2019.0100203 [2] Yavaş, E. (2024). Reinforcement learning approaches on elevator group control problem (Master's thesis, Sabancı University). [3] Siikonen, M.-L. (2024). Current and future trends in vertical transportation. European Journal of Operational Research, 319(2), 361–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2024.05.016 [4] Gharbi, A. (2024). Exploring heuristic and optimization approaches for elevator group control systems. Applied Sciences, 14(3), 995. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/3/995

The rapid proliferation of educational institutions and corporate environments has significantly increased the demand for automated attendance management solutions on surveillance platforms. Traditional manual attendance techniques are ineffective against proxy attendance, human errors, and time-consuming roll calls. This paper proposes a robust machine learning based face detection and automatic attendance marking framework using Genetic Algorithm (GA) optimized Machine Learning and Deep Learning models. The system incorporates dataset........

[1] P. Viola and M. Jones, "Rapid Object Detection using a Boosted Cascade of Simple Features," CVPR, 2001. [2] F. Schroff et al., "FaceNet: A Unified Embedding for Face Recognition and Clustering," CVPR, 2015. [3] K. Zhang et al., "Joint Face Detection and Alignment using Multi-Task Cascaded Convolutional Networks," IEEE Signal Processing Letters, 2016. [4] L. Breiman, "Random Forests," Machine Learning Journal, 2001. [5] M. Mitchell, "Genetic Algorithms: An Introduction," MIT Press, 1996..

This paper presents an integrated workflow for the design and CNC machining of a battery press JIG using Siemens NX. The study covers the entire process from 3D modeling, assembly validation, and machining setup to toolpath generation, simulation, and NC code output. The jig is designed to ensure precise positioning and stable pressing of battery components under compressive loads up to 1000 N. Special attention is given to tool selection, cutting parameters, and machining strategies for Aluminum 6061. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed approach..........

[1] S. Zhang and J. Bai, "Research on CNC Programming and Machining Process Based on CAD/CAM Technology," Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences, vol. 9, no. 1, 2024. [2] "Jigs and Fixtures in Production: A Systematic Literature Review," Journal of Manufacturing Systems, vol. 72, pp. 373–405, 2024. [3] A. A. H. Newaz and R. Jahan, "Design and Implementation of Fixtures for Milling, Shaping and Drilling Operations," 2025. [4] C. Lartigue, C. Tournier, M. Ritou, and D. Dumur, "High-Performance NC for High-Speed Machining by Means of Polynomial Trajectories," 2013. [5] H. Ma, L. Shen, X. Jiang, Q. Zou, and C. Yuan, "A Survey of Path Planning and Feedrate Interpolation in CNC Machining," 2023

Soil stabilization using organic materials has emerged as a sustainable and cost-effective approach for the production of construction bricks. Traditional clay bricks often exhibit poor compressive strength, high water absorption, and significant energy consumption during manufacturing. This paper presents a comprehensive review of various organic stabilizing agents including rice husk ash, sugarcane bagasse ash, cow dung, jute fiber, and coir fiber used to enhance the engineering properties of soil-based bricks. Experimental investigations.........

[1]. Millogo Y., Morel J.C., Aubert J.E. and Ghavami K. Experimental analysis of compressed earth blocks reinforced with Hibiscus cannabinus fibers. Construction and Building Materials, 52, pp. 71-78, 2014. [2]. Savastano H., Santos S.F., Radonjic M. and Soboyejo W.O. Fracture and fatigue of natural fiber-reinforced cementitious composites. Cement and Concrete Composites, 31(4), pp. 232-243, 2009. [3]. Chandra S., Kumar R., and Minda P. Influence of rice husk ash on geotechnical properties of expansive soils. Indian Geotechnical Journal, 43(3), pp. 290-296, 2013. [4]. Eko R.M., Mbof M.E., and Bello A. Compressed earth bricks stabilized with sugar cane bagasse ash. Construction and Building Materials, 37, pp. 584-592, 2012. [5]. Aguilar R., Miro G., and Monteiro M. Adobe bricks stabilized with organic additives: Experimental study. Construction and Building Materials, 25(8), pp. 3290-3297, 2011.

Urban traffic congestion has become a critical challenge due to rapid urbanization and the increasing number of vehicles. Traditional traffic signal systems, which rely on fixed timing or basic sensor inputs, often fail to adapt to dynamic traffic conditions, leading to inefficiencies, increased travel time, and higher emissions. This research proposes an artificial intelligence (AI)-based traffic signal optimization framework that leverages real-time traffic data and machine learning algorithms to dynamically adjust signal timings.The proposed system utilizes techniques such as reinforcement learning and computer vision to analyse traffic flow, vehicle.........

[1]. P. Michailidis et al.,"Traffic Signal Control via Reinforcement Learning: A Review on Applications and Innovations," Infrastructures, vol. 10, no. 5, 2025. [2]. H. Xiao et al.,"Intelligent traffic signal control based on reinforcement learning: a survey," Artificial Intelligence Review, 2026. [3]. S. Agrahari et al.,"Artificial intelligence-based adaptive traffic signal control system: a comprehensive review," Electronics, 2024. [4]. M. Li et al., "Federated deep reinforcement learning-based urban traffic signal optimal control," Scientific Reports, vol. 15, 2025. [5]. J. Shen, "Hierarchical reinforcement learning-based traffic signal control," Scientific Reports, 2025..

Naturaldisasterssuchasearthquakes,floods,cyclones,andlandslidesoftenresultinlarge-scale destruction of housing infrastructure, leaving affected populations homeless and vulnerable. Traditional relief housing solutions are often slow, inefficient, and lack sustainability. This research proposes a modular housing system designed for rapid deployment, cost-effectiveness, and adaptability in disaster-affected areas.The proposed system utilizes prefabricated modular units that can be easily transported, assembled,andexpandedbasedontheneedsofaffectedpopulations.Thesestructuresare designed usinglightweight, durable,and eco.........

1. Smith,R.E.,PrefabArchitecture:AGuidetoModularDesignandConstruction,Wiley, 2010. 2. Lawson,R.M.,Ogden,R.G.,DesigninModularConstruction,CRCPress,2014. 3. UN-Habitat,ShelterafterDisaster:GuidelinesforAssistance,2018. 4. FEMA,TemporaryHousingUnitsReport,2020. 5. Arif,M.,etal.,ModernMethodsofConstruction,JournalofConstructionEngineering, 2019.

The persistent inadequacy and unreliability of electricity supply in Nigerian universities have significantly affected academic activities, research productivity, and operational efficiency. The University of Port Harcourt (UNIPORT) currently relies heavily on the national grid and diesel generators, which are characterized by frequent outages, voltage instability, high operational costs, and environmental pollution. This study addresses this challenge by designing and technically evaluating a solar photovoltaic (PV)based microgrid system aimed at improving power supply reliability and sustainability within the UNIPORT campus. The purpose of this research is to develop.........

[1]. Agua, O. F. B., Basilio, R. J. A., Pabillan, M. E. D., Castro, M. T., Blechinger, P., & Ocon, J. D. (2020). Decentralized versus clustered microgrids: An energy systems study for reliable grid electrification of small islands. Energies, 13, 1–22. [2]. Boussetta, M., Motahhir, S., El Bachtiri, R., Allouhi, A., Khanfara, M., & Chaibi, Y. (2019). Design and embedded implementation of a power management controller for wind–PV–diesel microgrid system. International Journal of Photoenergy, 2019, 1–16. [3]. Canziani, F., Vargas, R., Castilla, M., & Miret, J. (2021). Reliability and energy costs analysis of a rural hybrid microgrid using measured data and battery dynamics: A case study on the coast of Peru. Energies, 14(19), 1–17. [4]. Ravichandrudu, K., Manasa, M., Babu, P. Y., & Anjaneyulu, G. V. P. (2013). Design of microgrid system based on renewable power generation units. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 3(8), 1–4. [5]. Shoeb, M. A., & Shafiullah, G. M. (2018). Renewable energy integrated islanded microgrid for sustainable irrigation: A Bangladesh perspective. Energies, 11(5), 1–19.

Summary Cancer is a growing global challenge, driving the search for integrative oncology approaches to mitigate toxicities and enhance the effectiveness of conventional treatments. This narrative systematic review analyzes the role of curcumin, a pleiotropic phytochemical extracted from Curcuma longa, as a promising adjuvant in cancer treatment. Curcumin acts on multiple molecular targets, inhibiting inflammatory pathways (such as the nuclear factor NF- κB ), suppressing cell proliferation, blocking angiogenesis, and reducing tumor metastasis. Clinical evidence demonstrates........

[1]. AGGARWAL, BB et al. Curcumin suppression of nuclear factor- κ B signaling in myeloid leukemia. Journal of Biological Chemistry , vol. 270, no. 42, p. 24995-25000, 1995. [2]. AGGARWAL, BB et al. Curcumin: The Indian solid gold. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology , vol. 595, p. 1-75, 2007. [3]. ALAGOAS. State Secretariat of Health. Alagoas State Plan for Oncological Care: 2024-2027 . Maceió : SESAU, 2024. [4]. ANAND, P. et al. Bioavailability of curcumin: problems and promises. Molecular Pharmaceutics , vol. 4, no. 6, p. 807-818, 2007. [5]. ANTONY, B. et al. A Pilot Cross-Over Study to Evaluate Human Oral Bioavailability of BCM-95CG. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences , vol. 70, no. 4, p. 445-449, 2008.

The rapid advancement of technology has led to an unprecedented rise in electronic waste (e-waste), posing a serious threat to biodiversity and ecological balance. E-waste contains hazardous substances such as lead, mercury, cadmium, and brominated flame retardants, which can contaminate soil, water, and air when improperly disposed of. This paper examines the relationship between e-waste generation and biodiversity loss, highlighting the pathways through which toxic materials disrupt ecosystems..........

[1]. Serpe, A., Purchase, D., Bisschop, L., Chatterjee, D., De Gioannis, G., Garelick, H., Kumar, A., Peijnenburg, W., Piro, V., &Cera, M. (2025). 2002–2022: 20 years of e-waste regulation in the European Union and worldwide trends in legislation and innovation technologies for a circular economy. RSC Sustainability, 3, 1039–1083.
[2]. Bala, K., Dogra, A., Rajkumar, Nandini, Das, A. P., & Ali, S. (2026). Impact of e-waste on human health and environment. In Electronic Waste and Environmental Pollution: Impacts and Sustainable Management through Circular Economy (pp. 99–111). Springer.
[3]. Okolo, C., Ahaneku, C., Ugwu, F., Muogbo, C., &Odoh, B. (2025). A review of the environmental and health impacts of electronic waste: Global challenges and sustainable management solutions. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 15, 220–237.
[4]. Vaish, B., Sharma, B., Singh, P., & Singh, R. P. (2019). E-waste and their implications on the environment and human health. In E-waste Recycling and Management: Present Scenarios and Environmental Issues (pp. 219–232). Springer.
[5]. Manfredi, S., Hamor, T., Wittmer, D., Nuss, P., Solar, S., Latunussa, C., Tecchio, P., Nita, V., Vidal, B., &Blengini, G. (2017). Raw Materials Information System (RMIS): Towards v2.0. Publications Office of the European Union.

Atmospheric components such as greenhouse gases, aerosols, and reactive chemical species influence the Earth's radiative balance, cloud formation, and atmospheric temperature structure. The study highlights the two-way relationship between climate and atmospheric chemistry, where climate variables affect chemical reactions, and chemical composition influences climate processes. Factors such as ozone variation, greenhouse gases, aerosols, industrial emissions, permafrost thawing, and biogenic emissions contribute to climate–chemistry dynamics and atmospheric instability...........

[1]. Liu, Y., Zhang, J., Zhao, Y., & Wang, X. (2025). Atmospheric oxidation capacity and its impact on secondary pollutants: An integrated modelling approach. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 25(3), 1235–1251.
[2]. Kumar, A., Singh, R., & Lee, H. (2024). The interplay of aerosols and trace gases in urban air quality degradation, Environmental Science & Technology, 58(2), 983–996.
[3]. Torres, C. J., Wang, M., & Li, Y. (2024). Machine learning-assisted satellite data analysis for atmospheric composition and climate feedbacks. Remote Sensing of Environment, 299, 113889.
[4]. Chen, T., Huang, Y., & Zhao, B. (2023). Influence of atmospheric chemistry on PM2.5 formation under changing climate scenarios in East Asia. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 128(15), e2023JD039271.
[5]. Smith, L. J., Garcia, R., & Johnson, M. (2023). Short-lived climate forcers: Bridging air quality and climate policy gaps. Nature Climate Change, 13(1), 44–52.

We present a Variable scale methods (VSM) with finite-difference methods (FDM) for modelling 2-D acoustic wave propagation in homogeneous media...........

[1]. Alford, R. M., Kelly, K. R., and Boore, D. M., (1974), Accuracy of finite-difference modelling of the acoustic wave equation: Geophysics, v. 39, no. 6, p. 834-842
[2]. Alterman, Z. S., and Karal, F. C., (1968), Propagation of elastic waves in layered media by finite-difference methods: Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., v. 58, no. 1, p. 367-398
[3]. Boore, D. M., (1972), Finite-difference methods for seismic wave propagation in heterogeneous materials: in Computational Physics, v. 11,B. a. Bolt (editor), Academic Press, New York.
[4]. Chen, K., (1984), Numerical modelling of elastic wave propagation in anisotropic inhomogeneous media: a finite element approach (ext. abst): Soc. Expl. Geophysics. 54th Intern. Mtg., p. 631-632.
[5]. Clayton, R. W., and Engquist, B., (1977), Absorbing boundary conditions for acoustic and elastic wave equations: Bull. Seism. Soc. America, v. 67, no. 6, p. 1529-1540.

In scientific research, experimentation doesn't always have the final say. However, it often proves to be the most reliable source for certain assertions. This article reviews facts related to the famous Michelson-Morley experiment (1887), specifically showing that the null result is not, as some claim, truly null. It emphasizes that the main problem in detecting the ether wind is the low speed of the moving observer—the speed of the Earth. This topic relates to the Lorentz invariant, and some misconceptions are clarified. Important details are also analyzed, and an interpretation is given of some LIGO results regarding the detection of gravitational...........

[1] Albert A. Michelson and Edward W. Morley, "On the Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Ether". The Amer. Jour. of Sci. Vol. 34, 333, (1887).
[2] John Stachel, Einstein Miraculous Year (Five Papers that Changed the Face of Physics), (1998), by Princeton University Press.

International business (IB) research has traditionally focused on multinational enterprises with dispersed ownership and professional management, often overlooking the dominant role of family-owned and family-controlled firms in emerging economies. In regions such as South-East Nigeria, family businesses represent a significant proportion of economic activity and are central to trade, investment, and employment generation. Despite their importance, their influence on international business remains insufficiently explored in mainstream IB literature............

[1]. Aguilera, R. V., & Crespi-Cladera, R. (2016). Global corporate governance: On the relevance of firms' ownership structure. Journal of World Business, 51(1), 50–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2015.10.003
[2]. Aguilera, R. V., Marano, V., & Haxhi, I. (2019). International corporate governance: A review and opportunities for future research. Journal of International Business Studies, 50(4), 457–498. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-019-00232-w
[3]. Aguilera, R. V., Marano, V., & Haxhi, I. (2021). International corporate governance: A review and opportunities for future research. Journal of International Business Studies, 52(1), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-020-00329-1

As Vietnam undergoes rapid international integration and urbanization, returnee youth-those completing overseas labor contracts-emerge as a high-quality human resource with significant potential to drive local economic transformation. However, this group faces systemic barriers in re-establishing sustainable livelihoods upon return. This study, conducted in O Dien Commune-a peri-urban administrative unit recently transitioned to direct city jurisdiction in Hanoi-examines the Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union's (HCYCU) role as a centralized coordinator for fragmented support resources...........

[1]. Asis, M. M. B. (2021). Return migration and reintegration challenges: Lessons from the Philippines. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 30(1), 45-67. https://doi.org/10.1177/01171968211001234
[2]. Black, R., & Gent, M. (2020). Sustainable return migration: A comparative analysis of policies in Southeast Asia. Routledge.
[3]. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
[4]. Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2017). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.
[5]. Department for International Development (DFID). (1999). Sustainable livelihoods guidance sheets. DFID.

This study evaluated the performance of rice husk powder as a permeable reactive barrier (PRB) for the removal of heavy metals from dumpsite leachate using column adsorption experiments. Rice husk with a pH of 6.05, bulk density of 1.8 g/cm³, and water-soluble matter of 9.48% was packed into columns of 200 mm and 400 mm bed depths, and leachate was passed through over 12 days. Results showed that removal efficiency increased with both contact time and bed depth. At 400 mm depth, maximum removal efficiencies after 12 days reached 66% for Cd, 64% for Cu, 62% for Cr, and 60% for Zn, compared to lower values at 200 mm depth (52% for Cd and 49% for Cu, respectively)...........

[1] Abbas, M. D. H. and Kebria, D. Y. (2023). Simulation of Heavy Metals Adsorption Using Recycled Bentonite Clay Waste in a Fixed Bed Depth Column. Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development, 8(3):2078-95. https://doi.org/10.18502/jehsd.v8i3.13706
[2] APHA (1995). Standard methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water", 19th edition, American Public Health Association.
[3] Bansal, R. C., Goyal, M., & Bansal, R. C. (2009). Activated Carbon Adsorption. CRC Press.
[4] BusinessDay. (2025). Rice output hits 4-year low on high costs. https://businessday.ng/big-read/article/rice-output-hits-4-year-low-on-high-costs/?utm_source=chatgpt.com.
[5] Dhayabaran, V. V., Lydia, I. S., Merlin, J. P. and Sathiyan, A. (2012). "Utilization of the Agricultural Wastes for Decolourisation of Congo Red", International Journal of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 3(1): 7-11.

Dust and environmental pollutants greatly reduce the efficiency of solar photovoltaic systems, causing energy loss and increasing maintenance needs. Many studies have shown that dust has a strong negative effect on panel performance, making regular cleaning necessary. Although automated and robotic cleaning systems exist, most of them work on fixed schedules and do not use intelligent decision-making or real-time monitoring. In the same way, IoT-based systems are useful for tracking performance but usually do not include cleaning mechanisms, while AI-based methods mainly focus on prediction and are not connected with robotic systems.

[1]. Sayyah, A., Horenstein, M. N., & Mazumder, M. K., "Energy Yield Loss Caused by Dust Deposition on Photovoltaic Panels," Solar Energy, Elsevier, vol. 107, pp. 576–604, 2014.
[2]. Mani, M., & Pillai, R., "Impact of Dust on Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Performance: Research Status, Challenges and Recommendations," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 14, no. 9, pp. 3124–3131, 2010.
[3]. IEEE Standards Association, "Design and Development of Automatic Solar Panel Cleaning Systems," IEEE Conference on Renewable Energy Systems, 2017.
[4]. Bansal, S. K., Sharma, P., & Verma, R., "Robotic Cleaning System for Solar Panels," International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology (IJERT), vol. 7, no. 5, 2018.
[5]. Lee, J., Kim, H., & Park, S., "IoT-Based Smart Monitoring System for Solar Energy Generation," IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 6434–6442, 2019.

The increasing demand for high-performance engineering materials has driven significant advancements in surface hardening techniques for low carbon steel. Despite its excellent ductility and cost-effectiveness, low carbon steel exhibits limited hardness and wear resistance, restricting its application in demanding environments. This study presents a comprehensive literature review on recent advances in surface hardening technologies, including carburizing, nitriding, boriding, induction hardening, and laser surface treatment.......

[1] K. D. Ambiger et al., "Influence of gas carburization on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and alloying elements behaviour in plain and alloyed low carbon steels," Materials Research Express, vol. 12, no. 4, 2025, doi: 10.1088/2053-1591/adc9fe.
[2] P. Hiremath et al., "Effect of carburizing parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties of low carbon steel," Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 5, pp. 25123–25130, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2018.10.123.
[3] E. J. Mittemeijer, "Fundamentals of nitriding and nitrocarburizing," Surface Engineering, vol. 27, no. 7, pp. 513–526, 2011, doi: 10.1179/1743294411Y.0000000014.
[4] T. Bell, "Surface engineering of steels by plasma nitriding," Materials Science and Engineering A, vol. 140, pp. 783–789, 1991, doi: 10.1016/0921-5093(91)90452-5.
[5] Y. Sun and T. Bell, "Plasma surface engineering of low alloy steel," Materials Science and Engineering A, vol. 140, pp. 419–434, 1991, doi: 10.1016/0921-5093(91)90440-Z.

This paper examines the impact of applying the TRIZ (Theory of Inventive Problem Solving) methodology on service quality and operational performance in a computer maintenance workshop. The study addresses persistent challenges such as long repair cycles, inconsistent diagnostic accuracy, and high variability in service quality. A mixed-methods design was adopted, integrating quantitative measures based on the SERVQUAL model with qualitative interviews and workflow observations. Data were collected before and after TRIZ implementation to evaluate changes in service quality dimensions (Tangibles, Reliability, Responsiveness, Assurance, and Empathy), maintenance time, and repeat-failure rates......

[1]. Altshuller, G. (1999). The innovation algorithm: TRIZ, systematic innovation and technical creativity. Technical Innovation Center.
[2]. Mann, D. (2002). Hands-on systematic innovation. CREAX Press.
[3]. Mann, D. (2007). Hands-on systematic innovation for business and management. IFR Press.
[4]. Savransky, S. D. (2000). Engineering of creativity: Introduction to TRIZ methodology of inventive problem solving. CRC Press.
[5]. Zhang, Q., & Chu, H. (2010). TRIZ-based service innovation: A case study. Service Science, 2(2), 102–113.

The Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ) has been widely adopted as a structured methodology for resolving complex problems and contradictions in technical and organizational systems. While its use in engineering and manufacturing is well documented, its application in service contexts—such as computer maintenance workshops—and in non-technical fields like education remains comparatively less explored. This paper provides a comparative analysis of TRIZ implementation in computer maintenance workshops versus other domains, particularly education and service innovation......

[1]. Altshuller, G. (1999). The innovation algorithm: TRIZ, systematic innovation and technical creativity. Technical Innovation Center.
[2]. Mann, D. (2002). Hands-on systematic innovation. CREAX Press.
[3]. Mann, D. (2007). Hands-on systematic innovation for business and management. IFR Press.
[4]. Savransky, S. D. (2000). Engineering of creativity: Introduction to TRIZ methodology of inventive problem solving. CRC Press.
[5]. Zhang, Q., & Chu, H. (2010). TRIZ-based service innovation: A case study. Service Science, 2(2), 102–113.

Self-healing malware represents a sophisticated category of cyber threats characterized by its ability to restore lost components and dynamically adapt to detection mechanisms. Unlike conventional malware, it maintains persistence even after partial removal, posing significant challenges for forensic analysis. The traditional malware used to get completely deleted and wouldn't grow. Nowadays, the self-healing malware can restore its functionality even after partial removal, which makes forensic investigation difficult. This paper is a survey of Artificial Intelligence-based techniques used for the analysis of self-healing malware in ethical hacking. It studies the existing methods that use machine learning, behavioral analysis, and anomaly detection to identify and examine such threats.....

[1]. H. Farid, "Image Forgery Detection," IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 2009.
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[4]. M. Sikorski and A. Honig, Practical Malware Analysis, No Starch Press, 2012.
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India's National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 outlines a comprehensive reform agenda spanning school and higher education, emphasizing equity, flexibility, multidisciplinary learning, foundational literacy and numeracy (FLN), institutional restructuring, credit portability, regulatory reform, and technology integration. This paper translates key policy provisions into actionable implementation tasks and measurable indicators, and synthesizes early evidence from administrative datasets (UDISE+, NAS, AISHE, NIRF), digital platforms (DIKSHA, SWAYAM, Academic Bank of Credits), and policy documents to assess progress and bottlenecks......

[1] Higher Education, Ministry of Education, "About National Education Policy," 1 September 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.education.gov.in/en/nep/about-nep. [Accessed 8 October 2025].
[2] Ministry of Education, Government of India, "Nipun Bharat," Ministry of Education, Government of India, 5 July 2021. [Online]. Available: https://nipunbharat.education.gov.in/. [Accessed 8 October 2025].
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SIM swap fraud – where attackers hijack a victim's phone number to intercept OTPs – has surged in India with the rise of mobile banking. This paper analyzes SIM swap methodology and impacts, focusing on India's digital payments ecosystem. We present a detailed forensic case study: a fraud where adversaries tricked a telecom into issuing a duplicate SIM and used it to authorize ₹1.19 crore in unauthorized transfers. Forensic investigation involved mobile device imaging (Cellebrite UFED), disk forensics (FTK/Autopsy), and analysis of telecom and banking logs to reconstruct the attack timeline. We tabulate relevant studies (Table 1) and outline a structured methodology (Table 2) for evidence collection, preservation, and analysis......

[1]. A. Kumari, "ICICI Bank Fined Rs 10 Lakh, Vodafone Rs 5 Lakh In Gujarat SIM Fraud Case," NDTV, Dec. 10, 2025.
[2]. J. Sharma, "Phishing in India's Fintech Era: Liability, Enforcement, and Consumer Trust," Int. J. Multidisciplinary Research and Development, vol. 12, no. 11, pp. 53–58, Nov. 2025.
[3]. Taxmann, "Identity Based Cyber Offences – SIM Swap | Deepfakes," (blog), Feb. 11, 2026.
[4]. IANS, "What Changes Will RBI's New Rules Bring to Digital Payments from April 1?", Economic Times, Mar. 30, 2026.
[5]. K. Lee, B. Kaiser, J. Mayer, and A. Narayanan, "An Empirical Study of Wireless Carrier Authentication for SIM Swaps," in Proc. 16th Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS 2020), pp. 61–79.

The integration of a timer into a 3-phase submersible pump system serves as an automated management layer that bridges low-voltage control logic with high-capacity industrial power. In this setup, the timer operates within a secondary control circuit, acting as the decision-maker for the system's duty cycle. When the pre-set "ON"time is reached, the timer sends an electrical signal to the magnetic contactor's coil. This energizes the coil, creating a magnetic field that pulls the heavy-duty contacts closed, allowing the 3-phase current to flow from the main lines directly into the submersible motor located deep within the borewell.......

[1]. IEC 60947-4-1 (Switchgear & Control gear): The primary international standard for electromechanical contactors and motor starters. It defines how the contactor should handle the high inrush current of a 3-phase motor when triggered by a timer
[2]. IEC 60034-1 (Rotating Electrical Machines):Provides the rating and performance standards for the 3-phase motor itself, ensuring it can withstand the thermal stress of repeated automated start-stop cycles.
[3]. IS 13947(Indian Standard):Often cited in regional contexts for the specification of low-voltage switchgear, covering the protection requirements for the relay and contactor assembly.
[4]. NEMA ICS 2: A North American standard for industrial control devices, providing guidelines on the endurance and coordination of the control circuit components.
[5]. For your Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE) project, these are the top websites (web sides) where you can find detailed abstracts, circuit diagrams, and full project reports for a 3-phase submersible pump controller:

Introduction of hydrogen into IC engines as an additive is considered as one of the most promising ways to develop efficient low-emission systems. The present work describes an analysis of hydrogen-assisted combustion in SI and CI engines regarding the improvement of engine performance and reduction of harmful emissions. Due to hydrogen's high flame propagation velocity, flammability limits, and carbon-free nature, it allows for the acceleration of combustion processes and the minimization of the influence of cyclic variations.......

[1]. Dhruv Gupta, Vasu Kumar, Soumya Roy, and Naveen Kumar ,"Development of a Dedicated Hydrogen Port Injection Kit for Small Engines" SAE Technical paper 2015-01-2881, doi: 10.4271/2015-01-2881
[2]. Prospectus of hydrogen enrichment in internal combustion engines: Methodological insights on its production, injection, properties, performance and emissions.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2024.131034
[3]. Masood,IshratMM,ReddySA.Computationalcombustionandemissionanalysis of hydrogen–diesel blends with experimental verification https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2006.11.008
[4]. Singh AP, Pal A, Gupta NK, Agarwal AK. Particulate emissions from laser ignited and spark ignited hydrogen fueled engines. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.04.031

In the context of increasingly stable industrialization and labor migration, the income and living standards of migrant workers' families have become a social security issue of long-term significance, not only for the workers themselves but also for the sustainable development of industrial parks. Based on survey data of workers working in industrial parks in Bac Ninh province in 2025, the article analyzes the current situation of income, living standards and the ability to ensure the life of migrant workers' families from the perspective of livelihood. Rather than approaching income as a single economic indicator, the study places income in relation to spending structures, livelihood capital sources, and the vulnerable context of migrant worker households......

[1]. Dang Nguyen Anh (2023). Vulnerable migrant workers and unstable jobs in industrial parks in Viet Nam. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences.
[2]. Le Van Son (2014). Domestic migrant workers in Vietnam today. Vietnam Journal of Social Sciences, No. 1(74), pp. 45–56.
[3]. Nguyen Thi Thu (2025). Ensuring wages and welfare for inland migrant workers in Vietnam: Some issues raised. Journal of Economics and Forecasting, Labor – Employment Issue.
[4]. General Statistics Office (2025). Internal Migration in Viet Nam: Status and Trends. Statistics Publishing House, Hanoi.
[5]. Department for International Development (DFID) (1999).Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheets. London: DFID.

This study aims to analyze the power conversion efficiency of an electric vehicle drive system based on the comparison between AC and DC energy. An experimental approach was employed by varying the load conditions at 50 kg, 100 kg, 150 kg, and 200 kg, and operating speeds ranging from 10 to 40 km/h. The measured parameters include AC and DC voltage and current, travel time, and energy consumption. Power and energy were calculated using fundamental electrical equations, while system efficiency was determined based on the ratio of output energy to input energy.The results indicate that both power and current increase with higher speed and load, reflecting greater energy demand......

[1]. Abualnaeem, M. M., Zulkifli, S. A., Ijaz, F., & Soomro, H. A. (2025). Performance Evaluation of Two-Level and Three-Level NPC Inverters in Electric Vehicles under Various Drive Cycles and Switching Frequencies. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, 15(4), 25605–25611. https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.10194
[2]. Achlison, U., Santoso, J. T., Rozikin, K., & Diapoldo, F. (2024). Analisis Konsumsi Daya Motor Jenis Brusshes Direct Current ( Bdc ) Dan Brusshes Less Direct Current ( Bldc ) Pada Kendaraan Listrik. 15(1), 197–200.
[3]. Al-Araji, Z. H., Almawlawe, М. D. H., & Wali, M. H. (2025). Comprehensive characterization of switching and conduction losses in high-ratio step-down converters for next-generation electric vehicles. Sustainable Engineering and Innovation, 7(2), 449–462. https://doi.org/10.37868/sei.v7i2.id633
[4]. Batra, R., Ezhilarasan, G., Kumar, D., & Jain, S. K. (2024). Advances in BLDC motor control: A thorough examination of torque ripple reduction and speed regulation techniques. Multidisciplinary Reviews, 6, 2023ss053. https://doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2023ss053
[5]. Kumar, B. A., Jyothi, B., Singh, A. R., Bajaj, M., Rathore, R. S., & Tuka, M. B. (2024). Hybrid genetic algorithm ‑ simulated annealing based electric vehicle charging station placement for optimizing distribution network resilience. Scientific Reports, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-58024-8

The four articles with titles "Son Serving Parents (SSP) – A New Professional Title", "SERVICE TO PARENTS IS EQUIVALENT TO SERVICE TO ALL BEINGS", "PARENTS THEORY OF EVERYTHING" and "Teacher Brother Sister Father Mother Friend Artificial Intelligence Algorithm (TBSFMFAIA)" are grouped together and shown in this article with title "Thank You Parents for Everything".

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