Energy use in palm oil mills remains a critical determinant of both production costs and environmental sustainability. This study analyzed the energy consumption patterns and residue utilization potential in an 8 t/h palm oil mill, aiming to achieve energy self-sufficiency through the effective use of mill residues. The total energy demand was 163.8 kWh/h, equivalent to 20.5 kWh/t FFB, which aligns closely with the electrical energy benchmarks of 18–22 kWh/t FFB reported in recent audits. Kernel cracking, drying, and clarification were the most energy-intensive processes studied........

[1]. Abdul-Razak, N., Aziz, A., &Hashim, H. (2017).Energy audit in palm oil mill.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 80, 167–174.
[2]. Abdullah, N., &Sulaiman, F. (2013). The oil palm wastes in Malaysia. In Biomass Now Sustainable Growth and Use.IntechOpen.https://doi.org/10.5772/55302
[3]. Abdul-Latif, R., Hassan, M. A., & Ibrahim, N. (2021). Sustainable utilization of oil palm biomass residues for energy generation: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 148, 111322.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111322
[4]. Ajayi, O., Okonkwo, E., &Akinyele, T. (2022).Energy substitution potential of palm oil mill residues in sub-Saharan Africa.Renewable Energy, 190, 345–358.
[5]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.03.056

Youth housing is an increasingly relevant socio-spatial issue, which was triggered by economic insecurities, change of life stages, and changing household structures. The rise of housing prices and the intensified residential mobility has led to the spread of co-housing and co-living conditions hence creating sensitive questions relating to spatial efficiency and incorporation of community life. This paper explores the role of configurational design in relieving such problems in the area of youth housing.........

[1]. Alexander, C., Ishikawa, S., Silverstein, M., et al. 1977. A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction. Oxford University Press.
[2]. Blunt, A. and Dowling, R. 2006. Home. Routledge.
[3]. Bredenoord, J., van Lindert, P. and Smets, P. 2014. Housing Policy in the Netherlands: Between Market and Welfare. Springer.
[4]. Clapham, D. 2005. The Meaning of Housing: A Pathway Approach. Housing, Theory and Society, 22(1), 1-18.
[5]. Fieldhouse, E. and Worpole, K. 2000. Housing: A Social and Environmental Perspective. London: Routledge.

The Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP), one of the most densely populated and industrially active regions in South Asia, experiences substantial atmospheric loading of black carbon (BC), a critical short-lived climate pollutant influencing air quality, monsoon dynamics, and radiative forcing. This study aims to investigate the long-term temporal dynamics, seasonal variability, and statistical behaviour of BC concentrations over the IGP using MERRA-2 reanalysis data from 2001 to 2024. The uniqueness of this work lies in its comprehensive integration of linear and nonlinear trend analyses with temporal dependence diagnostics to enhance the robustness of interpretation.........

[1]. Ahmed, T., Dutkiewicz, V. A., Shareef, A., Tuncel, G., & Husain, L. (2014). Long-term trends of black carbon and sulfate aerosols in the Asian region. Atmospheric Environment, 89, 570–580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.03.010
[2]. Babu, S. S., Chaubey, J. P., Krishna Moorthy, K., Gogoi, M. M., Nair, V. S., Kompalli, S. K., & Bhuyan, P. K. (2011). High altitude (∼13 km) measurements of black carbon aerosols over the Indian region. Geophysical Research Letters, 38(20), L20807. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048645
[3]. Chen, Y., Schleicher, N., Chen, Y., Chai, F., & Norra, S. (2016). The influence of Asian dust on black carbon concentrations and deposition in East Asia. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 16(11), 6603–6618. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-6603-2016
[4]. Evan, A. T., Kossin, J. P., Chung, C., & Ramanathan, V. (2011). Arabian Sea tropical cyclones intensified by emissions of black carbon and other aerosols. Nature, 479(7371), 94–97. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10552
[5]. Janssen, N. A. H., Hoek, G., Simic-Lawson, M., Fischer, P., van Bree, L., ten Brink, H., … Cassee, F. R. (2012). Black carbon as an additional indicator of the adverse health effects of airborne particles compared with PM10 and PM2.5. Environmental Health Perspectives, 119(12), 1691–1699. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1003369

The accelerated expansion of renewable energy sources in the Brazilian electric power system has increased the supply of clean energy while simultaneously exposing operational, regulatory, and institutional constraints related to the absorption of this generation. In this context, curtailment has become a central issue in the debate on system efficiency and the rational indication of energy use, as it reveals situations of waste associated with transmission constraints, lack of flexibility, and misalignments between generation and demand. The analysis of this phenomenon therefore requires an integrated perspective that considers not only technical aspects but also regulatory and economic arrangements embedded in the energy transition process.........

[1] Almeida, E., Losekann, L., & Pereira, V. S. (2025, May 13). Curtailment in the Brazilian electric power sector: Structural challenges and mitigation strategies. Ensaio Energético.
[2] Aluko, A., & Knight, A. (2023). A review on vanadium redox flow battery storage systems for large-scale power systems application. IEEE Access, 11, 13773–13793. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3243800
[3] Arbache, J. (2024). The costs and benefits of data centers. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: GESEL. ISBN 978-65-86614-95-4.
[4] Caixeta, F. (2025). MME opens public consultation on compensation for generation curtailment. Agência Eixos. Retrieved January 2026, from https://eixos.com.br/politica/mme-abre-consulta-publica-sobre-compensacao-dos-cortes-de-geracao/
[5] Cellard, A. (2008). Documentary analysis. In J. Poupart et al. (Eds.), Qualitative research: Epistemological and methodological approaches (pp. xx–xx). Petrópolis, Brazil: Vozes.

Emission released from the internal combustion engines run on fossil fuels which contain hydrocarbon (HC). Normal combustion products of any IC engines are Carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O) and Oxides of nitrogen (NO2) in the complete combustion process of engine. These exhaust products are not considered as a pollutant but some additional products such as unburned hydrocarbon (HCs), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) create the most harmful effect on the environment as well as human. The quest to reduce these pollutants led to various technics such alternative fuels.........

[1] Ahmed A Abdel-Rehim. Impact of spark plug number of ground electrodes on engine stability. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 4(2):307–316, 2013.
[2] Ahmet Alper Yontar & Yahya Doğu (2018) Experimental and numerical investigation of effects of CNG and gasoline fuels on engine performance and emissions in a dual sequential spark ignition engine, Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 40:18, 2176-2192, DOI: 10.1080/15567036.2018.1495783
[3] A Ismail Altın a, Atilla Bilgin b, "parametric study on the performance parameters of a twin-spark SI engine" Energy Conversion and Management 50 (2009) 1902–1907 Contents lists available at Science Direct Energy Conversion and Management journal homepage:
[4] Ajay K. Singh, A. Rehman, (2013) The Effect of Dual Spark Plug on Engine Performance Parameter in Two Stroke Gasoline Engine, International Journal of Applied Research and Studies (IJARS) ISSN: 2278-9480 Volume 2, Issue 7
[5] Antonio Mariani, Fabrice Foucher, "Radio frequency spark plug: An ignition system for modern internalcombustion engines"Univ. Orléans, 8 rue Léonard de Vinci, Orléans 45072, France, Accepted 6 February 2014, Applied Energy journal

This study aims to analyzes the availability of raw water in Kacang Pedang pond, Pangkal Pinang City, Bangka Belitung Province, which was formed from a former tin mine excavation. The availability of raw water is very important considering that Pangkal Pinang City, as the provincial capital, is experiencing continuous population growth, which has an impact on increasing raw water needs. Kolong Kacang Pedang is the only main water source utilized to meet these needs..........

[1]. Akbarsyah.(2014). Analisis Ketersediaan dan Pemanfaatan Air Kolong Simpur Kecamatan Pemali. Dalam Jurnal Profil (Vol.2).
[2]. Bappeda Kota Pangkalpinang.(2017). Laporan Akhir Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Kota Pangkalpinang. Pemerintah Kota PangkalPinang, Bangka Belitung.
[3]. Henny, Cynthia.(2011). Kolong Bekas Tambang Timah di Pulau Bangka: Permasalahan Kualitas Air dan Alternatif Solusi Untuk Pemnafaatan. Oseanologi dan Limnologi di Indonesia, 37 (1), hal. 119-138.
[4]. Kusharyati, Padmi.(2016). Studi Alokasi Air Berbasis Ribasim Di Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Garang Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Program Studi Magister Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air. ITB.
[5]. Perda Pemerintah Kota Pangkalpinang.(2005). Pengelolaan dan Pemanfaatan Kolong. Pemerintah Kota Pangkalpinang, Bangka Belitung.

The issue of salary increases for basic education teachers is a central topic in the debate on Brazilian education, particularly with regard to its relationship with the quality of teaching in both public and private school systems. In a context marked by structural inequalities, resource shortages, and conflicts surrounding educational policies, teacher remuneration is intertwined with factors such as working conditions, education financing, and collective organization of the profession, making it a matter of significant academic and social relevance. The research was developed using a qualitative approach, which is appropriate for understanding complex educational phenomena shaped by historical, political, and institutional dimensions.........

[1] Araújo, M. (2026). Teachers' minimum wage is expected to be adjusted by around 6.25%; government will publish a provisional measure by the end of January. Recife, Brazil: JCPE. Retrieved January 2026, from https://jc.uol.com.br/colunas/enem-e-educacao/2026/01/16/piso-do-magisterio-deve-ter-reajuste-em-torno-de-625-governo-publicara-mp-ate-o-fim-de-janeiro.html
[2] Bombarda, A. R. (2020). Teachers' unions and the impact of neoliberal reforms. In A. Deo & L. Sartoretto (Eds.), Determinations of the world of work: Centrality of labor, social struggles, and critique of political economy (pp. 75–88). Marília, Brazil: Oficina Universitária; São Paulo, Brazil: Cultura Acadêmica. https://doi.org/10.36311/2020.978-65-86546-11-8.p75-88
[3] Brazil. (2007). Law No. 11,494 of June 20, 2007: Establishes the Fund for the Maintenance and Development of Basic Education and the Valorization of Education Professionals. Brasília, DF: Federal Government. Retrieved January 2026, from http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2007-2010/2007/lei/l11494.htm
[4] Castioni, R., Cardoso, M. A. S., & Cerqueira, L. B. R. (2021). The new Fundeb: Improved and permanent to support federative entities in educational provision. Education and Policy Debate Review, 10(1), 271–289. ISSN 2238-8346.

This study analyzes the implementation of software designed to automate pallet-rack project development within a metalworking company, integrating agile methodologies with structured project management practices. The initiative is organized into four sequential phases—automated floor plan generation, technical views, bill of materials, and 3D modeling—supported by iterative deliveries and continuous validation. The research outlines the project scope, stakeholder mapping, resources, risks, quality plan, and financial structure, emphasizing how agile practices enhance transparency, adaptability, and operational efficiency..........

[1] Chea CP, Bai Y. An integrated review of automation and robotic technologies for structural prefabrication and construction. Transportation Safety and Environment. 2020.
[2] Vieira AF, Silva ACJL, Carr CN. Improving the effectiveness of software development projects through a hybrid approach. Research, Society and Development. 2023; 12(3).
[3] Rigby DK, Sutherland J, Takeuchi H. Embracing agile. Harvard Business Review. 2016; 94(5):40-50.
[4] Project Management Institute. A guide to the project management body of knowledge (PMBOK Guide). 7th ed. Newtown Square: PMI; 2021.
[5] Boothroyd G, Dewhurst P. Product Design for Manufacture and Assembly. CRC Press; 2010.

The AeroDrone project focuses on the design and development of a highly effective fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) tailored specifically for enhanced stability and live aerial surveillance. Unlike conventional multirotor drones, the AeroDrone leverages advanced aerodynamic principles inspired by traditional aircraft designs to significantly improve flight endurance and coverage area. This innovative approach enables the drone to maintain stable flight over extended periods, which is critical for tasks such as precision agriculture monitoring, security surveillance, and environmental data collection..........

[1] K. Srinivasan et al., "Aerodynamic analysis and ANN-based optimization of NACA and NASA airfoils for UAV applications," Scientific Reports, Nature, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 11245, 2025.
[2] K. Srinivasan et al., "Aerodynamic analysis and ANN-based optimization of NACA and NASA airfoils for UAV applications," Scientific Reports, Nature, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 11245, 2025.
[3] S. Kumar and P. Singh, "Optimization of Aerodynamic Performance of a Small Fixed Wing UAV," Int. J. Res. Publ. Rev., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1002–1010, 2024.
[4] R. Patel et al., "Design and Fabrication of a Fixed Wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle," Int. J. Eng. Trends Technol., vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 12–18, 2021.
[5] J. Lee and M. Park, "Progress and Prospects on Design of UAV Wing Shapes," Adv. Aerodyn. Aerosp. Eng., vol. 44, pp. 156–168, 2019.

Ilmenite (FeTiO₃) is a titanium–iron oxide mineral and a major source of titanium, widely used in the production of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) for paints, plastics, paper, and ceramics, as well as titanium metal for aerospace, marine, and medical applications. This study investigates the application of high-intensity magnetic separation (HIMS) for the recovery of ilmenite from Makarfi, Kaduna State, Nigeria. Ore samples were collected, dried, and homogenized using coning and quartering. Mineralogical analysis via X-ray diffraction (XRD) identified four main mineral phases: goethite (44%), ilmenite (38%), quartz (10%), and cuprite (8.1%). Chemical composition determined by X-ray fluorescence..........

[1]. Chen, L. Z., Xu, G. D., Huang, J. X., & Wen, S. M. (2012). Centrifugal high gradient magnetic separation of fine ilmenite. Advanced Materials Research, 634–638, 3304–3307. Scientific.Net
[2]. Chen, Z., Guo, D., Huang, J., … & Wen, S. (2013). Application of high gradient magnetic separation for fine ilmenite. Advanced Materials Research, 634–638. Scientific.Net
[3]. Liu, et al. (2011). Title on titanium metal and ilmenite properties. (Often cited in metallurgical literature regarding physical and mechanical properties of ilmenite.)
[4]. Oyinloye, O., & Jegede, O. (2014). Study on the occurrence and beneficiation potential of ilmenite in Kaduna State, Nigeria.