Energy use in palm oil mills remains a critical determinant of both production costs and environmental sustainability. This study analyzed the energy consumption patterns and residue utilization potential in an 8 t/h palm oil mill, aiming to achieve energy self-sufficiency through the effective use of mill residues. The total energy demand was 163.8 kWh/h, equivalent to 20.5 kWh/t FFB, which aligns closely with the electrical energy benchmarks of 18–22 kWh/t FFB reported in recent audits. Kernel cracking, drying, and clarification were the most energy-intensive processes studied........
Energy consumption, Energy substitution, Palm oil mill solid residues, Environmental Sustainability, Renewable energy, Circular bioeconomy
[1].
Abdul-Razak, N., Aziz, A., &Hashim, H. (2017).Energy audit in palm oil mill.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 80, 167–174.
[2].
Abdullah, N., &Sulaiman, F. (2013). The oil palm wastes in Malaysia. In Biomass Now Sustainable Growth and Use.IntechOpen.https://doi.org/10.5772/55302
[3].
Abdul-Latif, R., Hassan, M. A., & Ibrahim, N. (2021). Sustainable utilization of oil palm biomass residues for energy generation: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 148, 111322.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111322
[4].
Ajayi, O., Okonkwo, E., &Akinyele, T. (2022).Energy substitution potential of palm oil mill residues in sub-Saharan Africa.Renewable Energy, 190, 345–358.
[5].
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.03.056
