Fine inversion prediction of reservoir is one of the effective method to realize the sand body all the time. Space distribution of sand bodies in Fuyu reservoir of Yumin area is not clear, which restricted the further exploration and development in the area is seriously. The prediction inversion results is consistent with drilling results through sparse pulse inversion which is loyal to the original seismic data and Stochastic inversion which is loyal to the well data and seismic data, participate Inversion well'error and verify well'error is very small.

[1]. Chen Hai-feng，Dong Bai-wen，Lu Shuang-fang, et al. Study on sedimentary facies of fuyu oil layers in yumin area in the east of daqing placanticline[J]. Science technology and engineering,2011,13(13):3039-3044.
[2]. Chen Hai-feng, Chen Xu-hui, Lu Shuang-fang, et al. Provenance analasis of fuyu oil layers in yumin area in the east of daqing placanticline[J]. Science technology and engineering,2011,11(20):4715-4722.
[3]. Hou Bo-gang, Liu Wen- ling, Luo Na. The preprocessing of well log data for seismic inversion[J].
[4]. Goephysical and geochemical exploration, 2009, 33(3):331-335.
[5]. Xu Yan-yong, Zou Guan-gui, Cao Wen-yan. Comparativestudy and application of logging standardization methods[J]. Coal geology of china, 2013, 25(1):53-57.

This paper deals with the construction and working of all components required for welding positioner.With an increase in size and complexity of today‟s welding requirements, new techniques must be developed so as to ease the operator‟s burden and ensure uniform and efficient circular welding.In this paper the various components of the circular welding positioner are critically designed, manufactured and tested, along with which a cost and time parameters have been included to aid in the manufacturing of the positioner. The arc torch is fixed to an adjustable clamp, not hand held. It is different from a robot since operator‟s continuous surveillance and intervention are essential for successful work

Circular welding, CO2 welding, Welding positioner, Welding gun subassembly, Automation

[1]. "Welding Technology", O P Khanna; Dhanapat Rai Publication; 1999.
[2]. Jafar Takabi, M.M. Khonsari, "Experimental testing and thermal analysis of ball bearings", Tribology International 60 (2013) 93–103.
[3]. Lelio Della Pietra et al "Tension in flat belt transmission: Experimental investigation", Mechanism and Machine Theory 70 (2013) ,pp 129–156
[4]. Jun young choi et al., "Effect of current and Voltage on on strength of lap joint with CO2 welding process key engineering materials", vol. 297-300(2005),pp 2859-2863
[5]. "P S G Design Data Book"; Published by Kalaikathir Achchagam, 2011.

The current Software, Platform and Infrastructure (SPI) architecture addresses the need for security. This can be achieved by solving the issues with scalability. The performance measures of the cloud are also addressed with the other two parameters like consistency and reliability. Few areas in cloud that need to be addressed towards scalability are dynamic scaling and virtual system for sharing the resources. To address this, the concept of elastic cloud is discussed in this paper with its performance measures using reliability and consistency. The discussed model reflects on Amazon elastic model and SESA approach and in addition to this the concept proposes virtualization along with optimized scaling.

IaaS, Cloud scalability, Consistency, Reliability, an IaaS approach

[1]. GurudattKulkarni, Ramesh Sutar, JayantGambhir, "CLOUD COMPUTING-INFRASTRUCTURE AS SERVICE- AMAZON EC2", IJERA, Vol. 2, Issue 1, Jan-Feb 2012, pp.117-125
[2]. SushilBhardwaj, Leena Jain, Sandeep Jain, "Cloud computing: a study of Infrastructure as a service (Iaas)", IJEIT 2010, 2(1), pp 1-4.
[3]. Aniruddha S. Rumale, D.N.Chaudhari, "Cloud Computing: Infrastructure as a Service", IJIES, Volume-1, Issue-3, February 2013
[4]. Sukhpal Singh, InderveerChana, "Advance Billing and Metering Architecture for Infrastructure as a Service", IJ-CLOSER, Vol 2, No 2 (2013)
[5]. Sujay. R "Hybrid Cloud: A New Era, International Journal of Computer Science and Technology", ISSN: 2229-4333( Print) ISSN :0976 -8491 (Online), June 2011.

suspension system or shock absorber is a mechanical device designed to smooth out or damp shock impulse, and dissipate kinetic energy. The shock absorbers duty is to absorb or dissipate energy. In this project a shock absorber is designed and a 3D model is created using Pro/Engineer. Structural analysis and modal analysis are done on the shock absorber by varying material for spring, Spring Steel and Phosphor Bronze . Structural analysis is done to validate the strength and modal analysis is done to determine the displacements for different frequencies for number of modes. Comparison is done for two materials to verify best material for spring in Shock absorber. Modeling is done in Pro/ENGINEER and analysis is done in ANSYS.

[1]. Mr. SudarshanMartande, Mr. Y. N. Jangale, Mr. N. S. Motagi, March 2013, "Design and Analysis of Shock Absorber", International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering and Management (IJAIEM),Volume 2, Issue 3,pp. 197-199.
[2]. Lei Lei, ZuoShuguang, Yang Xianwu, Wang Jirui, 2010," A Finite Element Analysis of the Barrel-shaped Helical Spring on the Vehicle Rear Suspension", IEEE International Conference on Computer Design and Applications, Volume 2, pp. 116.
[3]. VarunBrijpuria, K. K. Jain, "Analysis of Closed Coil Helical Spring Subjected to Heavy Duty", IJEA, Volume 1, Issue 3, pp. 52-53.
[4]. YaojungShiao, Chun-Chi Lai and Quang-Anh Nguyen, August 2010,"The Analysis of a Semi-Active Suspension System", SICS Annual Conference 2010,pp. 2077.
[5]. David Roylance, "Finite Element Analysis", Feb 28, 2001, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Cambridge,pp.1-2.
[6]. R. S. Khurmi and J. K. Gupta, "Machine Design‟, Fourteen Edition, 2012, Eurasia Publishing House, pp. 820-833.

In the present day scenario, where the energy crisis is a major concern, energy conservation is one big step for solving the problem of energy demand. As a part of energy conservation, we have come up with a way to reduce the wastage.

10.1 TEXT BOOKS REFERRED:
 Programming Interactivity: A Designer's Guide to Processing, Arduino, and Open frameworks by Joshua Noble
 Arduino programming by Brian W Evans
10.2 WEBSITES VIEWED:
 www.engineersgarage.com
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.wikibooks.com

The paper entitled "Electronic Number Lock System" is used as a locking solution that can replace the mechanical locks. It opens only when the user types in the correct code set earlier. Unauthorized access is impossible since no one can enter without the knowledge of the code. A feature called image lock has been introduced to increase the security of the system. The code number to open the lock can be easily changed by the user whenever he wishes. Thus this paper provides a safe and tamper-proof locking solution.

[1]. Peter Norton - Guide to Visual Basic 6.0
[2]. Complete Reference Visual Basic 6.0
[3]. Dennis Kennedy – Visual Basic Database
WEBSITES:
[1]. en.wikipedia.org
[2]. msdn.microsoft.com
[3]. www.engin.umd.umch.edu
[4]. visualbasic.about.com

Study was made on the treatment of water from septic tank using a technology named Micro-be. BOD and COD tests were conducted before and after installation of Micro-be. As a result of Micro-be treatment COD reduced to 82.5% of the initial value and BOD to 79.4% of the initial value.

Bioaugmentation, Denitrification, Micro-be.

[1]. Barshied, Robert D. and Hassan M. El-Baroudi, October 1974, "Physical-Chemical Treatment of SepticTank Effluent," Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation.
[2]. Bitton, Gabriel, 1994, "Wastewater Microbiology," John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Publication.
[3]. Bounds, T.R., February 1996, "Alternative Sewer Designs Effluent Sewer Technology Septic Tank Effluent Pump and Septic Tank Effluent Gravity Systems" Orenco Systems Inc., Sutherlin, Oregon.
[4]. Howard,J R.(1989)."Fludized Bed Technology: Principles and Applications". New York,Ny: Adam Higher.

At times, engineers are required to build on sites containing soft compressible soils in the construction of buildings, infrastructures and other structures. In such instances, it would be necessary to improve the soft compressible soils before constructing any structures on them.In saturated soils such as clay and silty clays, which have a large percentage of voids or pores usually filled with water, large settlements will occur over a long period of time. During this process called consolidation, the load is gradually transferred to the soil particles as the volume of the voids are reduced and this culminates in the form of settlement. Presently, there are various methods available to improve the soft compressible soils. Soil improvement with Prefabricated Vertical Drains (PVD) or sometimes known as wickdrains, is among the most economical method to expedite the consolidation process.

[1]. Geotextiles and Geomembranes 34 (2012) Degree of consolidation of clayey deposit with partially penetrating vertical drains C.Y. Ong , J.C. Chai , T. Hino Article history: Received 7 February 2011 Received in revised form 22 January 2012 Accepted 6 February 2012 journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/geotexmem
[2]. Numerical Modeling Of Floating Prefabricated Vertical Drains In Layered Soil, Ikhya And Helmut F.Schweiger,Acta Geotechnica Slovenica, 2012/2
[3]. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) ISSN: 2278-1684 Volume 4, Issue 1 (Nov. - Dec. 2012), PP 07-12 www.iosrjournals.org
[4]. A Comparison between Horizontal and Vertical Drainage Systems (Include Pipe Drainage, Open Ditch Drainage, and Pumped Wells) in Anisotropic Soils Mohammad Valipour.
[5]. Measured and predicted performance of prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) with and without vacuum preloading,J. Saowapakpiboon , Geotextiles and Geomembranes 28 (2010)Thailand
[6]. Geotechnical Engineering for Transportation Infrastructure, Barends et al. (eds)©1999 Balkema, Rotterdam.Settlement prediction of embankments stabilised

This scientific research based article focus that "NEUTRINO MILK" shall be considered as the Natural Product of "J-RADIATION". The J-Radiation in the cosmic universe shall be considerer having capability to product large amount of Neutrino milk in the space.

1) Philosophy of Cosmo universe
2) Philosophy of J-CELL
3) Philosophy of Galaxies
4) Philosophy of Milky way
5) Philosophy of Dark hole
6) Philosophy of White hole
7) Philosophy of Plasma milk
8) Philosophy of Blue, Green, Red milk
9) Etymology of Planet Colours
10) Philosophy of word revolution and evolution
11) Philosophy of "White revolution Logo"
12) Philosophy of "Crop Milk evolution"
13) Philosophy of word Nature, Nation, Land
14) Philosophy of word Nuclear Ethnism, Casteism
15) Philosophy of Standard Model of Evolution of Matter
16) Philosophy of Sand and Soil

[1]. Intensive Internet "e-book" study through, Google search and wikipedia
[2]. M.Arulmani, "3G Akkanna Man", Annai Publications, Cholapuram, 2011
[3]. M. Arulmani; V.R. Hemalatha, "Tamil the Law of Universe", Annai Publications, Cholapuram, 2012
[4]. Harold Koontz, Heinz Weihriah, "Essentials of management", Tata McGraw-Hill publications, 2005
[5]. M. Arulmani; V.R. Hemalatha, "First Music and First Music Alphabet", Annai Publications, Cholapuram, 2012

This paper presents the performance comparison of a single-phase multi string five level photovoltaic inverter topology with a novel Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulated(SPWM) control scheme employing perturb and observe Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm and incremental conductance MPPT algorithm. The new SPWM is implemented with two reference signals that were identical to each other with an offset that was equivalent to the amplitude of the triangular carrier signal were used to generate PWM signals for the inverter switches. The performance comparison of proposed system is verified through simulation model. The total harmonic distortion (THD) of inverter is reduced from 39% to 28% and operates at better power factor under rapidly changing atmospheric condition with incremental conductance MPPT algorithm compared to perturb and observe MPPT method.

Multilevel inverter, pulse width-modulated (PWM) inverter, Total harmonic distortion (THD) , proportional–integral (PI) current control, maximum power point tracking (MPPT).

[1]. Nasrudin A rahim ,Senior Members,IEEE" Multistring Five-Level Inverter With Novel PWM Control Scheme for PV Application .IEEE transactions on Industrial electronics, VOL. 57, NO. 6, JUNE 2010
[2]. Nasrudin A rahim ,Senior Members,IEE"Multi level inverter for grid connected PV system employing digital PI controller" . IEE transactions on industrial electronics,vol 56,no. 1,january 2009
[3]. "L. M. Tolbert and T. G. Habetler, "Novel multilevel inverter carrier-based PWM method," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 1098–1107,Sep./Oct. 1999.
[4]. Text book on "power electronics "by PS Bhimbra.
[5]. www.en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking.

Structures consisting of thin plates stiffened by a system of ribs have found wide application for aircraft, ships, bridges, and buildings as well as in many other branches of contemporary structural engineering. Buckling analysis can be used to find critical compressive loads at which a structure becomes elastically unstable. In this paper, buckling analysis of stiffened plates was carried out using finite element software NISA. The analytical investigations of stiffened plates are rarely found in literature; hence it is found apt to carryout such investigations to provide design recommendations.

buckling , stiffener ,finite element, stiffness, nonlinear analysis.

[1]. Rajagopalan, K., Finite Element Buckling Analysis of Stiffened Cylindrical Shells. Oxford and IBH Publishing Company, New Delhi, India, 1993.
[2]. Felippa, C.A., Lecture Notes in Nonlinear Finite Element Method, Center for Aerospace Structures, Boulder, Colorado, 1999.
[3]. Cook, R.D, Malkus, D.S., Pleasha, M.E. Concepts and application of finite element analysis, 3/E, John Wiley and sons, 2000.
[4]. S.Rajasekaran, Finite Element Analysis in engineering Design, Wheeler Publishing, 1993.
[5]. C.S Krishnamoorthy, Finite Element Analysis-Theory and Progarmming,Tata.Mc Graw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd.1997

As the demand for electrical energy is increasing, renewable energy sources has come into popularity especially photovoltaic systems (PV). PV can act as a voltage source which is feeding a power circuit. This study proposes a PV fed buck boost converter combining KY converter and synchronously rectifier converter. Both the converter uses same power switches. Basic circuit has no control loop, for more efficiency and to reduce harmonic distortion added a feedback controller. THD was reduced by 45%. Using the control loop, we can achieve the desired output. The transfer function analysis of such converter shows that it has no right half plane zeros, so that stability is increased. Since both the converter uses the same power switches correspondingly the cost is reduced and also the circuit is made compact. Simulation has been carried out to study the performance of the proposed topology in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. Simulation results analysed and results presented for circuit.

Photovoltaic, Synchronous Rectifier converter, KY converter

[1]. K. I. Hwu and Y. T. Yau, "Two types of KY buck–boost converters," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.
56, no. 8, pp. 2970–2980, Aug. 2009.
[2]. T. Esram and P. L. Chapman, "Comparison of Photovoltaic Array Maximum Power Point Tracking
Techniques", IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 439-449, June 2007.
[3]. D. Sera, R. Teodorescu, J. Hantschel and M. Knoll, "Optimized Maximum Power Point Tracker for Fast-
[4]. Changing Environmental Conditions", IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 55, No. 7, pp.
2629-2631, July 2008 .
[5]. Control and Analysis of Synchronous Rectifier Buck Converter for ZVS in Light Load Condition,
Nimmy Joseph, IJAREE, Vol. 2, Issue 6, June 2013

Energy shortages and increasing oil prices have created the demand for high energy conversion efficiency and performance. This paper presents a high efficient loaded resonant converter with feedback for dc-dc energy conversion applications. This paper deeply analyses the converter configuration and MATLAB simulation results and compare with conventional converter topologies. The proposed converter consists of a half-bridge Inductor Capacitor Inductor resonant inverter and a load which is connected across the bridge rectifier. The output stage is filtered by a loss pass filter which is minimize the loading effect and ensure that the voltage across it is almost constant. The soft switching concepts used in this converter helps to reduce the switching losses ,EMI and increase reliability and makes the circuit simple by reducing the size and weight of components.. MATLAB software is used to simulate the model. The feedback circuit provides accurate output with an energy conversion efficiency reaches up to 85.8% and all the test results demonstrate a satisfactory performance.

Loaded resonant converter, Zero voltage switching (ZVS), Pulse width modulation (PWM).

[1]. Ying-Chun Chuang, Yu-Lung Ke, Hung-Shiang Chuang, Jung-Tai Chen," A novel loaded resonant converter for the application of DC-DC energy conversion" IEEE Transactions on industry applications,vol.48,no.2,March/April 2012
[2]. Dr.P.S. Bimnhra,"Power Electronics".
[3]. Ned Mohan, Tore M Undeland, Willian P Robbins, "Power Electronics Converters, Applications and Design.
[4]. Y.G.Kang, A.K.Upadhyay, and D.L.Stephens,," analysis and design of a half bridge parallel resonant converter operating above resonance," IEEE Trans. Ind.Appl.,vol.27,no.2,pp.386-395.Mar-Apr 1991
[5]. MS .K. Kazimierczuk and D. Czarkowski, Resonant Power Converters, New York:Wiley,1995

This Paper introduces new hybrid converter topologies which can supply simultaneously AC as well as DC from a single DC source. The new Hybrid Converter is derived from the single switch controlled Boost and Buck-Boost converter by replacing the controlled switch with voltage source inverter (VSI). This new hybrid converter has the advantages like reduced number of switches as compared with conventional design having separate converter for supplying AC and DC loads, provide DC and AC outputs with an increased reliability, resulting from the inherent shoot through protection in the inverter stage. For controlling switches PWM control, based upon unipolar Sine-PWM is described. Simulink model is used to validate the operation of the converter. The proposed Converter can supply DC and AC loads at 190 V and 48 V (rms) respectively from a 48 V DC source.

DC Nanogrid, Voltage source inverter(VSI), Boost-Derived Hybrid Converter, Buck-Boost Derived Hybrid Converter, Unipolar PWM.

[1]. Ray and S. Mishra, "Boost-Derived Hybrid Converter with Simultaneous DC and AC Outputs," in IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. PP, July. 2013.
[2]. D. Boroyevich, I. Cvetkovic, D. Dong, R. Burgos, F. Wang, and F. Lee, "Future electronic power distribution systems – a contemplative view," in Proc. 12th International Conference on Optimization of Electrical and Electronic Equipment OPTIM'10, Brasov, Romania, May 20–22, 2010, pp. 1369–1380.
[3]. F. Blaabjerg, Z. Chen, S.B. Kjaer, "Power Electronics as Efficient Interface in Dispersed Power Generation Systems", in IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, 2004, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 1184-1194.
[4]. R. Adda, S. Mishra and A. Joshi, "A PWM Control Strategy for Switched-Boost Inverter," in Proc. IEEE ECCE 2011, Phoenix, pp. 991-996, Sept. 2011.
[5]. F. Z. Peng, M. Shen, and Z. Qian, " Maximum boost control of the Z-source inverter," in IEEE Trans. On Power Electronics, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 833-838.

Nowadays developments are occurring in the field of sustainable energy sources. Sustainableenergy sources like photovoltaic systems and fuel systems require different levels of power supplies. Traditionallytransformer or inductor based multiport dc-dc converters were used. But these converters have high electromagnetic interference and are larger in size. In this paper, a level shiftingswitched capacitor voltage copier circuits with feedback is introduced with less number of components. There are five circuits namely summation, subtraction, double, half and inverting circuits. Simulation has been carried out to study the performance of the proposed topology in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. Simulation results analysed and results presented for circuit.

switched capacitor, voltage copier, THD

[1]. Ye Yuanmao and K. W. E. Cheng, "Level-Shifting Multiple-Input Switched-Capacitor Voltage Copier," IEEE Trans. Power Electron. vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 828–837, Feb. 2012.
[2]. M.-H. Huang and K.-H. Chen, "Single-inductor multioutput (SIMO) dc–dc converters with high light-load efficiency and minimized cross regulation for portable devices," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 952–959, Apr. 2009.
[3]. Y.-C. Liu and Y.-M. Chen, "A systematic approach to synthesizing multi input dc–dc converters," IEEE Trans. Power Electron, vol. 24, no. 1,pp. 116–127, Jan. 2009.
[4]. Y.-K. Lo, S.-C. Yen, and T.-H. Song, "Analysis and design of a double output series-resonant dc-dc converter,"IEEE Trans. Power Electron, vol.22, no.3, pp. 952-959, May 2007.
[5]. A. Nami, F. Zare, A. Ghosh, and F. Blaabjerg, "Multioutput dc–dc convertersbased on diode-clamped converters configuration: Topology andcontrol strategy," IET Power Electron., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 197–208, Mar.2010.

Improved single-phase inverter topology is used to avoid the common-mode leakage current in the transformerless PV grid-connected system. The condition of eliminating common-mode leakage current in both the unipolar sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) and the double frequency SPWM control method can be applied to implement AC output in the presented inverter. By decoupling of two additional switches connected to the dc side the efficiency and convenient thermal design are improved. Besides, the higher frequency and lower current ripples are obtained by adopting the double-frequency SPWM, and thus the total harmonic distortion of the grid-connected current are reduced to 7%. It is used for low ac power application. Working of the proposed circuit and verification by simulation results are discussed in this paper. Simulation is done in MATLAB.

Common-mode leakage current, photovoltaic (PV) system, sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) strategy, transformer less inverter, buck.

[1]. Bo Yang, Wuhua Li, Yunjie Gu, Wenfeng Cui, and Xiangning "Improved Transformerless Inverter With Common-Mode Leakage Current Elimination for a Photovoltaic Grid-Connected Power System" IEEE Transactions On Power Electronics, Vol. 27, No. 2, February 2012
[2]. S. B. Kjaer, J. K. Pedersen, and F. Blaabjerg, "A review of single-phase grid-connected inverters for photovoltaic modules," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 1292–1306, Sep./Oct. 2005
[3]. Q. Li and P.Wolfs, "A review of the single phase photovoltaic module integrated converter topologies with three different DC link configurations," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 1320–1333, May 2008.
[4]. H. Xiao and S. Xie, "Leakage current analytical model and application in single-phase transformerless photovoltaic grid-connected inverter," IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 902–913, Nov. 2010
[5]. T. Kerekes, R. Teodorescu, and M. Liserre, "Common mode voltage incase of transformerless PV inverters connected to the grid," in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Ind. Electron., Jun./Jul. 2008, pp. 2390–2395
[6]. R. Gonzalez, J. Lopez, P. Sanchis, and L. Marroyo, "Transformerless inverter for single-phase photovoltaic systems," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 693–697, Mar. 2007

This paper focuses on best modelling of a photovoltaic cell by making it closed loop. This model is based on mathematical equations and is described through an equivalent circuit including a photocurrent source, a diode, a series resistor and a shunt resistor. The developed model allows the prediction of PV cell behaviour under different physical and environmental parameters. The model can also be used to extract the physical parameters for a given solar PV cell as a function of temperature and solar radiation. In addition, this study outlines the working principle of PV module as well as PV array. In order to validate the developed model. The PV model is connected into different grid systems and analysed the performance of different systems. The comparative study also made in accordance with ripple output voltage by using the result analysis dc grid connection and two stage ac grid connection is made closed loop for the best performance.

Photovoltaic, voltage ripple, PI controller, maximum power point tracking (MPPT), voltage regulation, inverter.

[1] Jie Zhang, "Simplified Variable band Hysteresis Current Control for Grid connected Inverter", IEEE Transactions on power Delivery, Vol. 14,No. 3, July 2003. [2] A. Ebrahimi and N. Farokhnia, "A Novel Topology for Power Quality Improvement of Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System", IEEE Conference on Power Engineering and Renewable Energy , Vol. 3 No. 5, July 2012. [3] J. Thongpron, "Study of a PV Grid Connected System on its Output Harmonics and Voltage Variation", Asian J. Energy Environ., Vol. 5, Issue1,(2004), pp. 59-73. [4] Vikas khare, Dr. Savita Nema and Dr. Prashant baredar, "Power Quality Disturbances in Grid Connected Solar System Its Prevention", International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT) , Volume 1, Issue [5] Chandrashekhar N. Bhende, Siva G. Malla "Novel Control of Photovoltaic based Water Pumping System without Energy Storage", International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems.

The present research work involves the production of methyl ester from various vegetable oils like Karanja oil and application of with diesel blend as alternative fuel in a diesel engine to investigate on the engine performance and emission characteristics. The methyl ester is obtained by base catalyzed transesterification process which is then blended with diesel in various volume proportions. The use of additive in blended fuels reduces the ignition delay and combustion period of a diesel engine and lowers the sulfur and nitrogen oxide emissions. The investigation shows that the brake thermal efficiency increases upto 80% load and then decreases. The highest brake thermal efficiency is obtained for diesel. The brake specific fuel consumption decreases upto 80% load and then increases. The exhaust gas temperature increases linearly with load and is highest for pure biodiesel. The engine emission analysis with the above test fuels show that CO, CO2, HC and smoke emissions increase with load for all test fuels. The NOx emission increases with load and is highest for pure biodiesel. From the results obtained during the ongoing experimental investigation it may be concluded that the Karanja oil methyl ester blends with diesel can be successfully used in a compression ignition engine without degrading the engine performance and emission.

Vegetable oil; Biodiesel; Transesterification; Performance; Emission.

[1]. R.K. Pandey, A. Rehman, R.M. Sarviya and S. Dixit, "Development of clean burning fuel for compression ignition engines," Asian J. exp. Sci , vol. 23, pp. 223-234, 2009.
[2]. R.K. Singh and S.K. Padhi, "Characterization of jathropa oil for the preparation of biodiesel," Natural product radiance, vol. 8, pp. 127-132, 2009.
[3]. H. Mulimani, O.D. Hebbal and M.C. Navindgi, "Extraction of biodiesel from vegetable oil and their comparisons," International journal of advance scientific research and technology, 2(2), 242-250.
[4]. S.K. Padhi and R.K. Singh, "Non-edible oil as the potential source for the production of biodiesel in india: A review," J. Chem. phar. Res., vol. 3, pp. 39-49, 2011.
[5]. P.P. Sonune and H.S. Farkade," Performance and emission of C.I engine fuelled with pre heated vegetable oil and its blend: A Review," International journal of engineering and innovative technology, vol. 2, pp. 123-127, 2012.