Industry 5.0 represents a paradigm shift in manufacturing that extends the digital and automation capabilities of Industry 4.0 by placing human-centricity, sustainability, and resilience at the core of industrial development. This review examines the emerging integration of Industry 5.0 technologies with sustainable biocomposite materials as a pathway towards environmentally responsible and resilient manufacturing. Particular attention is given to bio-based polymer matrices and natural-fibre reinforcements, including flax, hemp, jute, bamboo, wood-derived materials, and Sida acuta, which offer opportunities for renewable resource utilization............

[1]. Alves, J., Lima, T. M. & Gaspar, P. D. Is Industry 5.0 a Human-Centred Approach? A Systematic Review. Processes 11, 193 (2023).
[2]. Jadhav, A. S. Industry 5.0: A Comprehensive Review of Human-Centric, Sustainable, and Resilient Manufacturing and Supply Chain Systems. International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET) 14, 2321–9653 (2026).
[3]. Chew, K. W. & Ling, T. C. The Prospect of Industry 5.0 in Biomanufacturing. The Prospect of Industry 5.0 in Biomanufacturing (CRC Press, 2021). doi:10.1201/9781003080671.
[4]. Karabegović, I., Turmanidze, R. & Dašić, P. Robotics and Automation as a Foundation of the Fourth Industrial Revolution - Industry 4.0. in 128–136 (2020). doi:10.1007/978-3-030-40724-7_13.
[5]. Shabur, Md. A., Shahriar, A. & Ara, Mst. A. From automation to collaboration: exploring the impact of industry 5.0 on sustainable manufacturing. Discover Sustainability 6, 341 (2025).

Reliable target detection and classification remain central challenges in modern radar signal processing, particularly as radar systems are increasingly required to distinguish between genuine targets, clutter, and small or low-radar-cross-section objects such as drones. Conventional detection approaches, including constant false alarm rate (CFAR) and threshold-based methods, are well established but can struggle in cluttered or low signal-to-noise-ratio environments where target and clutter statistics overlap........

[1]. Cao, Z., Fang, W., Song, Y., He, L., Song, C., & Xu, Z. (2022). DNN-based peak sequence classification CFAR detection algorithm for high-resolution FMCW radar. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 60, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2021.3117068
[2]. Chakraborty, M., Kumawat, H. C., Dhavale, S. V., & Raj A, A. B. (2022). Application of DNN for radar micro-Doppler signature-based human suspicious activity recognition. Pattern Recognition Letters, 162, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2022.08.005
[3]. Coşkun, A., & Bilicz, S. (2023). Target classification using radar cross-section statistics of millimeter-wave scattering. COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 42(5), 1197–1209. https://doi.org/10.1108/COMPEL-12-2022-0429
[4]. Coşkun, A., & Bilicz, S. (2024). Analysis of data-driven approaches for radar target classification. COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 43(3), 507–518. https://doi.org/10.1108/COMPEL-11-2023-0576
[5]. Da Costa, R. F., da Silva de Medeiros, D., Saotome, O., & Machado, R. (2023). A CFAR-like detector based on neural network for simulated high-frequency surface wave radar data. IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation, 17(5), 859–875. https://doi.org/10.1049/rsn2.12383

In today's digital world, people expect web applications to be easy to use, accessible, and inclusive for everyone. But traditional text-based interfaces can be limiting especially for individuals with hearing, speech, or physical challenges making it harder for them to interact with technology. To bridge this gap, speech-based interaction has become a powerful tool, allowing users to communicate naturally through spoken language. This project builds a web-based Speech-to-Text (STT) and Text-to-Speech (TTS) system to bridge communication gaps...........

[1]. D. Jurafsky and J. H. Martin, Speech and Language Processing, 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Pearson, 2023.
[2]. S. Young, G. Evermann, and M. Gales, "The HTK book: Speech recognition toolkit," Cambridge University Engineering Dept., Cambridge, U.K., Tech. Rep., 2021.
[3]. M. Stone and A. Smith, "Web-based speech recognition systems using browser APIs, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 95–108, 2022.
[4]. A. Kumar and R. Verma, "Speech-to-text applications for accessibility," International Journal of Assistive Technologies, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 23–31, 2021.
[5]. P. Taylor, "Text-to-speech synthesis: A review," IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 42–52, May 2020.

Solar-powered lighting systems provide a sustainable solution for outdoor and off-grid applications; however, their operating time is strongly affected by variations in solar energy availability and inefficient lighting control. This study presents the design and experimental validation of an Internet of Things-enabled solar lighting and monitoring system incorporating an energy-aware adaptive dimming strategy. The proposed control strategy determines the LED pulse-width modulation level based on ambient illuminance, motion detection, and battery state of charge...........

[1] F. Agramelal, M. Sadik, Y. Moubarak, and S. Abouzahir, "Smart Street Light Control: A Review on Methods, Innovations, and Extended Applications," Energies, vol. 16, no. 21, Art. no. 7415, 2023.
[2] G. Gagliardi, M. Lupia, G. Cario, F. Tedesco, F. Cicchello Gaccio, F. Lo Scudo, and A. Casavola, "Advanced Adaptive Street Lighting Systems for Smart Cities," Smart Cities, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 1495-1512, 2020.
[3] G. Pasolini, P. Toppan, A. Toppan, R. Bandiera, M. Mirabella, F. Zabini, D. Bonata, and O. Andrisano, "Comprehensive Assessment of Context-Adaptive Street Lighting: Technical Aspects, Economic Insights, and Measurements from Large-Scale, Long-Term Implementations," Sensors, vol. 24, no. 18, Art. no. 5942, 2024.
[4] K. Tomczuk, P. Tomczuk, and M. Chrzanowicz, "Exploring the Feasibility of Autonomous Lighting Systems for Pedestrian Crossings in Off-Grid Areas," Applied Sciences, vol. 14, no. 7, Art. no. 3054, 2024.
[5] S. Vadi, "Design and Implementation of an Off-Grid Smart Street Lighting System Using LoRaWAN and Hybrid Renewable Energy for Energy-Efficient Urban Infrastructure," Sensors, vol. 25, no. 17, Art. no. 5579, 2025.

The rapid development of the digital economy has changed the market competition from product quality and price to perceived consumer value. Therefore, Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is a crucial tool for company growth. The article outlines the basic principles of CRM and the significant positive impacts, such as enhancing customer satisfaction, strengthening loyalty, improving marketing efficiency, and enabling data-driven decision making..........

[1]. Peppers D, Rogers M. Managing Customer Experience and Relationships: A Strategic Framework. 3rd ed. Hoboken: Wiley, 2016.
[2]. Buttle F, Maklan S. Customer Relationship Management: Concepts and Technologies. 4th ed. London: Routledge, 2019.
[3]. Kumar V, Reinartz W. Customer Relationship Management: Concept, Strategy, and Tools. 3rd ed. Cham: Springer, 2018.
[4]. Payne A, Frow P. A Strategic Framework for Customer Relationship Management. Journal of Marketing, Volume 69, Issue 4, PP. 167-176, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.69.4.167
[5]. Reinartz W, Krafft M, Hoyer W D. The Customer Relationship Management Process: Its Measurement and Impact on Performance. Journal of Marketing Research, Volume 41, Issue 3, PP. 293-305, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.41.3.293.35986

This research paper is dedicated to the traditional residential architecture of Eastern China and the geo-cultural factors that shaped it. The focus is on dwellings that emerged in similar climatic conditions but developed into different structures built from the same set of elements. China is one of the world's oldest civilizations, and the traditions carried across centuries have shaped construction and design as a response to regional conditions. The research covers six provinces, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Shandong, and three architectural styles that left a mark on them: Hui, Su, and Fujian..........

[1]. Chazen Museum of Art. (n.d.). Suzhou gardens. Chazen Museum of Art. https://chazen.wisc.edu/collection/14507/spirit-wall/
[2]. Chen, W., & Zhu, X. (2015). Architectural styles and regional identities in Eastern China. Architecture of East Asia, 30(4), 204–
219.
[3]. Chen, X. (2019). Architectural forms of Fujian province: Min-style houses and their significance. Journal of Traditional Chinese
Architecture, 31(4), 289–304.
[4]. Cohen, J. (2018). Cultural evolution in architecture. Journal of Architectural Research, 23(4), 321–336.
[5]. Fairbank, J. K., & Goldman, M. (2006). China: A new history. Harvard University Press.

Corrosion of buried and submerged steel infrastructure is a critical challenge in Nigeria's oil, gas, and water industries, resulting in significant economic losses and environmental risks. Cathodic protection (CP) is widely adopted to mitigate corrosion, yet studies conducted in Nigerian environments—such as swampy soils, loamy soils, and saline seawater—report varying levels of effectiveness without defining a clear operational voltage range. This paper reviews and compares three notable CP studies: swampy soil environments (Ekott et al., 2013), buried steel pipelines in the Niger Delta (Ekott et al., 2014), and seawater..........

[1]. Stern M., Geary A.L. 1957. Electrochemical polarization: I. A theoretical analysis of the shape of polarization curves. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 104(1), 56–63. DOI: 10.1149/1.2428496.
[2]. Okoroafor S. 2004. Pipeline failures in Nigeria: Causes and prevention. Proceedings of the Nigerian Corrosion Conference, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
[3]. Ekott E.J., Akpabio E.J., Etukudo U.I. 2014. Cathodic protection of buried steel oil pipelines in Niger Delta. Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 8(6), 780–785.
[4]. NACE International. 2013. Control of External Corrosion on Underground or Submerged Metallic Piping Systems. NACE SP0169, Houston, TX, USA.
[5]. DNV GL. 2017. Recommended Practice: Cathodic Protection Design. DNV-RP-B401, Høvik, Norway.

An era of significant worldwide transformation not witnessed in a hundred years brings a collective global reconfiguration across all nations. This study gives new insights into the global transformations. Observable phenomena including fluctuating petrol prices, diversified mobile phone brands, and frequent diplomatic exchanges among global leaders are not accidental events. But behind these statistics is the deep tendency of alteration of the planet..........

[1] F. Zakaria, The Post-American World, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2008, pp. 12-45.
[2] K. Schwab, The Fourth Industrial Revolution, New York: Crown Business, 2016, pp. 15-28.
[3] Y. Liu, X. Wang, and Z. Li, "China's renewable energy expansion and its global impact on supply chains" Int. J. Energy Res., vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 3450-3465, Mar. 2021.
[4] J. Zhang, L. Chen, and H. Wu, "5G communication and AI integration for smart manufacturing: A review," IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform., vol. 17, no. 8, pp. 5678-5689, Aug. 2021.
[5] Ford, M. D., "The Belt and Road Initiative: A new paradigm for global infrastructure development," J. Int. Relat. Dev., 24, 2, 312-330 (2021).

A robust and efficient power system, designed to meet demand, is worth relying on. A prototype power system compliant with IEEE standards was used in this study. To achieve the aim of this research, a power system consisting of nine 11 kV feeders was used to conduct load flow studies in the Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) software with and without capacitor banks to determine the stability, transfer, and loading capability of the power system. Shunt compensation method was used to integrate capacitor banks to achieve more stable and efficient power transfer...........

[1] Adeniji, O. A., & Mbamaluikem, P. O. (2017). Voltage Stability Enhancement and Efficiency Improvement of Nigerian Transmission System Using Unified Power Flow Controller. American Journal of Engineering Research, 6(1), 37-43.
[2] Al-Masud, M. R., Islam, M. M., Hasan, M. S., & Podder, P. (2019). Capacity Enhancement and Voltage Stability Improvement of Power Transmission Line by Series Compensation. European Alliance for Innovation Endorsed Transactions on Energy Web, 6(23), 1-10.
[3] Ajenikoko, G. A., & Ojeyinka, O. A. (2019). Loss Minimization and Voltage Profile Improvement in Power System: A Review. World Journal of Engineering Research and Technology, 5(3), 387-405.
[4] Amadi, H. N., Bakare, B. I., & Igbogidi, O. N. (2024). Renewable Energy for Sustainable Development in Nigeria: A Comprehensive Review. Ist International Conference of the Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, 116-135.
[5] Amaize, P., Adoghe, A., Awosope, C., & Airoboman, A. (2017). A Review of the Application of FACTS Devices on Nigerian 330kV Transmission System. Journal of Engineering and Applied Science,12(20), 5182-5185.

Intelligent web applications increasingly use retrieval-augmented generation to personalize answers, summarize user data and guide actions inside browser-based workflows. This design improves usefulness but creates privacy and governance concerns because session state, user preferences, documents and interaction history can be copied into remote model contexts without adequate minimization. This paper proposes a Privacy-Preserving Edge-RAG framework for intelligent web applications. The framework places a context classifier, local vector cache, policy-governed context budget and answer/action gate between.........

[1] P. Lewis et al., Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Tasks, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 2020.
[2] Y. Gao et al., Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Large Language Models: A Survey, arXiv:2312.10997, 2023.
[3] N. F. Liu et al., Lost in the Middle: How Language Models Use Long Contexts, Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 2024.
[4] K. Greshake et al., Not What You've Signed Up For: Compromising Real-World LLM-Integrated Applications with Indirect Prompt Injection, arXiv:2302.12173, 2023.
[5] C. F. Ruan et al., WebLLM: A High-Performance In-Browser LLM Inference Engine, arXiv:2412.15803, 2024.

Beta regression has become one of the most widely used statistical methods for modeling continuous response variables restricted to the interval (0,1). Although the maximum likelihood estimator is theoretically consistent and asymptotically efficient, its finite-sample performance under different sample sizes remains an important practical issue. This study evaluates the estimation performance of beta regression models using a comprehensive Monte Carlo simulation approach...........

[1]. Abonazel, M. R., Algamal, Z. Y., Awwad, F. A., Taha, I. M. (2022). A new two-parameter estimator for beta regression model: method, simulation, and application. Frontiers in Applied Mathematics and Statistics, 7, 780322.https://doi.org/10.3389/fams.2021.780322
[2]. Casella, G., Berger, R. L. (2002). Statistical inference (2nd ed.). Duxbury Press.
[3]. Cribari-Neto, F., Zeileis, A. (2010). Beta regression in R. Journal of Statistical Software, 34(2), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v034.i02
[4]. Ferrari, S. L. P., & Cribari-Neto, F. (2004). Beta regression for modelling rates and proportions.
[5]. Journal of Applied Statistics, 31(7), 799–815. https://doi.org/10.1080/0266476042000214501

Renovating and adapting existing single-family houses can reduce the environmental burden of the residential building stock, improve energy performance and strengthen resilience to a changing climate. In practice, however, decisions are often divided between energy upgrades, material choices, affordability and project delivery. This structured literature review examines the main criteria used to evaluate the renovation and adaptive reuse of single-family houses. It draws on 28 academic and institutional sources covering passive and active design measures, life-cycle assessment, low-carbon and circular.........

[1]. M. V. Belmonte, C. Díaz-López, J. Gavilanes, and E. Millán, "Introducing passive strategies in the initial stage of the design to reduce the energy demand in single-family dwellings," Building and Environment, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107832.
[2]. S. E. Okiye and T. Ohakawa, "Framework for integrating passive design strategies in sustainable green residential construction," Morgan State University and University of Maryland, 2023.
[3]. M. Türkeş, "The role of sustainability and sustainable development in climate change mitigation and adaptation," Sustainable Social Development, 2024, doi: 10.54517/ssd.v2i1.2407.
[4]. A. Saifudeen and M. Mani, "Adaptation of buildings to climate change: An overview," Frontiers in Built Environment, 2024, doi: 10.3389/fbuil.2024.1327747.
[5]. UN-Habitat, World Cities Report 2024: Cities and Climate Action. Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Human Settlements Programme, 2024.

Against the backdrop of the green transformation of the cultural and tourism industry, sustainable tourism requires talents to achieve coordinated development of professional competence, ecological literacy and professional values. Nevertheless, higher vocational tourism education is currently confronted with challenges such as vague objectives for green talent cultivation, superficial integration of values, and inadequate practical evaluation. Guided by the concept of green tourism and rooted in the fundamental task of fostering virtue through education, this paper defines the value-embedded education..........

[1]. Ting Gong. Research on the Talent Cultivation Path of Industry-Education Integration in Tourism Higher Vocational Colleges under the "Dual Carbon" Strategy. Journal of Vocational and Technical Education, 2025 (02): 45-49.
[2]. Hongxia Yang. Exploration on the Green Education Path of Higher Vocational Tourism Professional Groups under the Background of Cultural and Tourism Integration. Chinese Journal of Vocational and Technical Education,.2025 (13):89-93.
[3]. Yuying Zhang. Innovative Research on Integrating Ideological and Political Education into Tourism Management Courses in Higher Vocational Colleges Oriented towards New Quality Productive Forces in Cultural and Tourism Industries. Forum on Vocational and Technical Education, 2026 (02): 112-117.
[4]. Le Yin, Yanping Xu. Implementation Paths of Sustainable Development Education for Tourism Majors Based on the Collaboration of the Three Classrooms . Journal of Suzhou University, 2022, 37 (11): 74-78.

The global epidemic has led to an increase in remote working, resulting in 62% of people staying indoors, increasing the demand for interior design. The psychology of colors is vital in interior decoration as it impacts the well-being of the surroundings and the psychological condition of individuals. This essay deals with understanding the psychological properties of colors and explains their importance for the interior design of living space. Warm shades evoke liveliness, and cold shades evoke peace. Colors affect the overall atmosphere and evoke emotions, with warm shades creating comfort and cool shades relaxing. Designers can manipulate emotional responses and enhance the experience..........

[1]. Cheng, V., Yang, L. (2019). Color Design: Theories and Applications in Interior Design. Routledge. [2]. Friedmann, A.A., George, S., ( Dec 3, 2023). Interior design. Britannica. [3]. Itten, J. (1973). The art of color. The subjective experience and objective rationale of color. Wiley.
[4]. Kapetanović, J. (1984). Color in the apartment. University of Arts Beograd.
[5]. Krstić H., Rađelovič D. (2013). Color as a powerful tool in interior design. Proceedings Third International Science Conference Balkan color, pp. 568-575.

Water pollution in the petroleum industry is a rampant issue that is deadly to marine life, livestock and human welfare. The drilling, fracking and pickling of metal operations result in hazardous wastewater that demands robust wastewater treatment. The processing of acidic metal pickling effluents is an issue in operations. This investigation deals with a dual reagent neutralization experiment to treat our wastewater using a blend of Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) and Calcium Hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) at various ratios. Each mixture's stoichiometric efficiency, sludge quality and cost are compared...........

[1]. Agrawal, A., Kumar, V. and Pandey, B. D. (2006). Remediation options for the treatment of electroplating and leather tanning effluent containing chromium — a review. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 27(2), 99–130.
[2]. Binnemans, K. and Jones, P. T. (2024). Methanesulfonic acid (MSA) in clean processes and applications: A tutorial review. Green Chemistry, 26, 8583–8614.
[3]. Charazińska, S., Lochyński, P., Markiewicz, M., Stolte, S. and Burszta Adamiak, E. (2022). Treatment of electropolishing industrial wastewater and its impact on the immobilisation of Daphnia magna. Environmental Research, 212, 113438.
[4]. Chen, Y. C., Higgins, M., Murthy, S., Tesfaye, A., Bailey, W., Kharkar, S. and Puterbaugh, S. (2005). Comparison of lime and caustic addition for pH control and microbial communities on activated sludge settleability and plant performance: Implications for the field. In World Water Congress 2005: Impacts of global climate change.
[5]. Dahlgren, L. (2010). Treatment of spent pickling acid from stainless steel production: A review of regeneration technologies with focus on the neutralization process for implementation in Chinese industry [Master's thesis, KTH Royal Institute of Technology].

This paper presents the optimization of a polynomial seventh-order two-parameter (2P) interpolation kernel using the Extended slope criterion, obtained by extending the Slope criterion with an additional slope-equality condition. The Slope criterion requires the slope of the time-domain characteristic of the 2P kernel at the interpolation node 𝑠=1 to be equal to the corresponding slope of the ideal 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 kernel. Since this condition yields one equation with two unknown parameters, 𝛼 and 𝛽, an infinite number of solutions is obtained. The criterion is therefore extended by imposing an additional condition requiring equality of the slopes..........

[1]. A. Kazuyuki, K. Shoichi and S. Hiroshi. Spatial active noise control based on individual kernel interpolation of primary and secondary sound fields. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP), 2022, 1056–1060.
[2]. R. Keys. Cubic convolution interpolation for digital image processing. IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 29(1), 1981, 1153–1160.
[3]. B. Sun and S. Xin. An edge-guided weighted image interpolation algorithm. 2023 IEEE 13th International Conference on Electronics Information and Emergency Communication (ICEIEC), Beijing, China, 2023, 139–143.
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[5]. Z. Guo, Q. Wang, J. Du, J. Pan, Q.-F. Liu and C.-H. Lee. A variance-preserving interpolation approach for diffusion models with applications to single-channel speech enhancement and recognition. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing, 32, 2024, 3025–3038.