We have simulated an Ad hoc network under two different scenarios; (i) varied the simulation area gradually from 400m X 160m to 2000m X 800m and, (ii) varied the malicious node speed and kept the non malicious node speed constant. The data is extracted for each simulation from the trace file using per script. From the plotted data, a study of the performance of the network with respect to the throughput and the drop is carried out. Packet Drop occurs when one or more packets of data travelling across a computer network fail to reach their destination. Packet drop is distinguished as one of the main error types encountered in digital communications. The System Throughput or aggregate throughput is the sum of the data rates that are delivered to all terminals in a network. The throughput is usually measured in bits per second (bit/s or bps), and sometimes in data packets per second or data packets per time slot.

[1]. "Search on Survivability of Mobile Ad-hoc Network". – Yuan Zhou, Chunhe Xia, Haiquan Wang and Jianzhong Qi.
[2]. " Performance of Modeling wireless networks in realistic environment"- Mohammad Siraj & Soumen Kanrar.
[3]. "A survey of Routing Attacks in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks" – Bounpadith Kannhavong, Hidehisa Nakayama, Yoshiaka Nemoto, Nei Kato, and Abbas Jamalipour.
[4]. The ns Manual (formerly ns Notes and Documentation). The Network Simulator, http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns
[5]. "Effect of Space in an Adhoc Network" – Mozmin Ahmed and Md. Anwar Hussain.....

Weighted Frequent Pattern Mining (WFPM) has brought the notion of the weight of the items into the Frequent Pattern mining algorithms. WFPM is practically much efficient than the frequent pattern mining. Several Weighted Frequent Pattern Mining methods have been used. However, they do not deal with the interactive and incremental database. A IWFPTWU algorithm has been proposed to allow the users to decide the level of interest and provides the direction for mining the interesting patterns. The Incremental Weighted Frequent Patterns based on Transaction Weighted Utility (IWFPTWU) considers both the weight and the frequency of the item. The IWFPTWU arranges the items in a decreasing order of the Transaction Weighted Utilization (weighted Support). This makes uses of a single scan of the database for the construction of the IWFPTWU tree.

[1]. R. Agrawal, T. Imielinski, and A. Swami, "Mining Association Rules between Sets of Items in Large Databases," Proceedings of the 1993 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data, pp. 207-216, June 1993.
[2]. B. Liu, W. Hsu, and Y. Ma, "Mining Association Rules with Multiple Minimum Supports," Proceedings of the Fifth ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, pp. 337-341, Aug. 1999.
[3]. F. Tao, "Weighted Association Rule Mining Using Weighted Support and Significant Framework," Proceedings of the Ninth ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, pp. 661-666, Aug. 2003.
[4]. C. H. Cai, A. W. Chee Fu, C. H. Cheng, and W. W. Kwong. "Mining Association Rules with Weighted Items," Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Intelligent Data Engineering and Automated Learning (IDEAL 2005), July 1998.
[5]. J. Pei, and J. Han, "CLOSET: An Efficient Algorithm for Mining Frequent Closed Itemsets," Proceedings of the Fifth ACM SIGMOD Workshop on Research Issues in Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, pp. 21-30, May 2000.....

A Plate girder is a composition of plates using rivets or welding. The arrangement of the material steel in this case is more efficient than for a rolled beam section. The design of a plate girder has maximal flexibility and is economical because of the freedom of the designer to choose components according to the requirements. Plate girders carry transverse loads economically for spans long enough to save material and costs. The main objective of the work is to understand the effect of different types of webs in the optimum design of plate girders. A comparative study is carried out between a plate girder with end and intermediate stiffeners and a plate girder with trapezoid web plate as per Indian and European Code provisions. The optimum dimensions of the plate girder are obtained by designing as per Indian Code provisions and European Code provisions. A plate girder offers limitless possibilities for the creativity of the engineer. This study may help the designer to choose components of convenient size for the necessary requirements. The economy of structures is the main goal of the modern building industry. An optimized plate girder in terms of the type of web can help a designer save material, construction weight and thus the overall cost.

[1]. MD. Hadli Abu Hassan, "The Study on the Behaviour of Plate Girder with Profiled Web", Master of Sience Thesis, Universiti Teknologi Mara, Shah Alam, Malaysia, August 2006.
[2]. Zulkarnein Bin Zulkifil, "Analysis and design on simply supported plate girder- design optimization by using various parameters", Bachelor of Civil Engineering Thesis, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Shah Alam, Malaysia, April 2009.
[3]. Xiaobo Wang, "Behavior of Steel Members with Trapezoidaly Corrugated Webs and Tubular Flanges under Static Loading", Doctor of Philosophy Thesis, Drexel University, Philadelphia, United States of America, March 2003.
[4]. M. Asghar Bhatti, A.S. Al- Gahtani , "Optimum design of welded plate girder subjected to highway bridges loading", Transactions on the Built Environment 1995, vol. 13.
[5]. Mohd Hanim bin Osman, "Analysis and Design of Trapezoid Web Steel Section" Jurutera – Institute of Engineering, Malaysia's Monthly Bulletin, pg. 46- 50, 2006....

Power quality is affected by injection of the wind power into an electric grid. Generated power from wind energy system is always fluctuating due to the fluctuations in the wind. To mitigate the power quality issues STATic COMpensator (STATCOM) is connected at a point of common coupling with a battery energy storage system (BESS) is proposed here. Under fluctuating wind power the battery energy storage is integrated to sustain the real power source. The system is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK in power system block set.

[1]. A. Sannino, ―Global power systems for sustainable development,‖ in IEEE General Meeting, Denver, CO, Jun. 2004.
[2]. C. Han, A. Q. Huang, M. Baran, S. Bhattacharya, and W. Litzenberger, ―STATCOM impact study on the integration of a large wind farm into a weak loop power system,‖ IEEE Trans. Energy Conv., vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 226–232, Mar. 2008.
[3]. D. L. Yao, S. S. Choi, K. J. Tseng, and T. T. Lie, ―A statistical approach to the design of a dispatchable wind power—Battery energy storage system,‖ IEEE Trans. Energy Conv., vol. 24, no. 4, Dec. 2009.
[4]. T. Kinjo and T. Senjyu, ―Output leveling of renewable energy by electric double layer capacitor applied for energy storage system,‖ IEEE Trans. Energy Conv., vol. 21, no.1, Mar. 2006.
[5]. Fu. S. Pai and S.-I. Hung, ―Design and operation of power converter for microturbine powered distributed generator with capacity expansion capability,‖ IEEE Trans. Energy Conv., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 110–116, Mar. 2008.

Pavement design is the process of selecting a practical and economical combination of materials of known strength and adequate thicknesses to support the anticipated traffic under expected environmental conditions.Pavements are layered structures of varying thicknesses and characteristics, resting on subgrade soil. They are designed for the purpose of carrying vehicular traffic. Depending on the load distribution characteristics and flexural stiffness of the pavement layers, pavements are mainly divided into (1) flexible pavements (IRC: 37, IRC: 81), (2) rigid pavements (IRC:58, IRC:15, IRC:76, IRC:SP62) and (3) Composite Pavements (IRCSP:76). The other types of pavements which are also in use are Paver Block Pavements (IRCSP:63), Steel Fibre Reinforced concrete pavements (IRC:SP:46) roller compacted Concrete pavement (IRC :SP68), Stone Set Pavement, continuously reinforced concrete pavements (IRC 101), Brick on Edge Pavements, gravel roads etc.The classical definition of pavement types is rather arbitrary, being based upon the above general pavement characteristics. The essential difference between the main two system types i.e rigid and flexible is the manner in which they distribute the load to the subgrade soils.

[1]. "Guidelines for Providing Improved Drainage Systems for VDOT Pavement Structures" is available as a guide for design and construction of a drainage layer system. USA
[2]. Virginia's Pavement Design Methods, Highway Design Manual 640-3 June 26,2006 October 1995 VI-3
[3]. Pavement Design, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) 1995
[4]. IRC:37-200, Guidelines for the Design of Flexible Pavements,
[5]. IRC:58, Guidelines for the Design of Plain Jointed Rigid Pavements for Highways.....

Among several techniques to control the quality, Acceptance Sampling Plans are introduced mainly to accept or reject the lots of finished products. Such types of techniques are involved in the product which is destructive where 100% inspection is not possible such as bullets, batteries, bulbs and so on. In this paper we consider CASP-CUSUM Schemes based on the assumption that the continuous variable under consideration follows a truncated Rayleigh Distribution. The Rayleigh Distribution plays a vital role in Statistical Quality Control, particularly in estimating reliability by considering its distribution. Optimum CASP-CUSUM Schemes are suggested based on numerical results obtained.

[1]. Akhtar P.Md.and Sarma K.L.A.P.(2004) "Optimization of CASP-CUSUM Schemes based on Truncated Gamma Distribution." Bulletin of pure and applied sciences, Vol-23E No.2, PP.215-223.
[2]. Beattie,B.W.,(1962), " A Continuous Acceptance Sampling Procedure based upon a Cumulative Sums Chart for number of defectives", Applied Stat5atistics, Vol. 11, No.2, pp. 137-147.
[3]. Hawkins, D.M. , (1992), "A Fast Accurate Approximation for Average Run Lengths of CUSUM Control Charts, Journal of Quality Technology", Vol. 24, No.1, pp. 37-43.
[4]. Jain,M.K. ,Iyengar,S.R.K. and Jain, R.K. "Numerical Methods of Scientific and Engineering Computations", Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.
[5]. Kakoty, S and Chakraborthy, A.B. , (1990), "A Continuous Acceptance Sampling Plan for truncated Normal distribution based on Cumulative Sums", Journal of National Institution for Quality and Reliability, Vol.2, No. 1, pp. 15-18....

This paper studies a cold standby repairable system consisting of two identical components namely component 1, component 2 and one repairman is studied. Assume that each component after repair is not "as good as new‟ and also the successive working times form a decreasing  -series process, the successive repair time‟s form an increasing geometric process and both the processes are exposing to Weibull failure law. Under these assumptions we study an optimal replacement policy N in which we replace the system when the number of failures of component 1 reaches N. We determine an optimal repair replacement policy N* such that the long run average cost per unit time is minimized. We derive an explicit expression of the long-run average cost and the corresponding optimal replacement policy N* can be determined analytically. Numerical results are provided to support the theoretical results.

[1]. Barlow, R.E and Hunter, L.C., 1959, "Optimum Preventive Maintenance Policies‟, Operations Research, 08, pp.90-100.
[2]. Braun, W.J., Li, W., and Zhao, Y.Q., 2005, "Properties of geometric and related process‟, Naval Research Logistic, 52, pp.607-616.
[3]. Brown, M., and Proschan, F., 1983, "Imperfect Repair‟, Journal of Applied Probability, 28, pp.851-859.
[4]. Braun, W.J., Li, W., and Zhao, Y.Q., 2008, "Some theoretical Properties of the geometric and  -series process‟, Communication in Statistics- Theory and Methods, 37, pp.1483-1496.
[5]. Lam, Y., 1988a"A note on the optimal replacement problem‟, Advanced Applied Probability, 20, pp.479-482.....

In this study the physical and mechanical properties of concrete of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) containing metakaolin (MK) or redmud (RM) and a combination of MK and RM and compatibility between such materials were investigated on different mixture proportions of water/binder ratio (w/b) 0.38, 0.36 and 0.33 by replacing 0% to 14% of the mass of cement by MK and RM with different proportions of 50:50, 60:40, 70:30 and 80:20. The workability of concrete was measured by the slump, compaction factor and Vee-Bee consistometer tests. Substantial reductions in the workability were obtained for the mixtures containing MK and RM, with greater reductions being experienced as the RM replacement level increased. The cube compressive strength was evaluated at 1, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days for all w/b ratios. It is found that the maximum compressive strengths are obtained with 8% replacement of OPC by MK, 4% replacement of OPC by RM and 10% replacement of OPC by MK and RM blend in all w/b ratios. In all the w/b ratios the MK:RM Proportions of 80:20 achieve higher strength.

[1]. Bentur, A., (2002) "Cementitious materials – Nine millennia and a new century: Past, Present and Future", ASCE Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, vol. 14(1) pp.1-22.
[2]. Boating, A.A. and Skeete D.H., (1990), "Incineration of rice hull for use as a cementitious materials: The Guyana experience", Cement and Concrete Research, vol 20 pp.795-802.
[3]. Jian-Tong, D. and Zongjin L., (2002) "Effects of metakaolin and silicafume on properties of concrete", ACI Materials Journal, vol. 99, pp. 393-398.
[4]. Amritphale, S.S. And Patel, M., (1987) "Utilization of redmud, flyash for manufacturing bricks with pyrophyllite", Silic. Ind., vol.31, pp. 3-4.
[5]. San Filippo, A. and Usai, G., (1998) "Recycling of redmud from the Bayer process. Part. 2. Production of vertified clayware at a firing temperature of over 1000o C", Ziegelind. Int., vol. 4, pp. 133.

Cobalt cobaltite based redox supercapacitor has been fabricated using the polymeric gel electrolyte comprising of poly vinylidene fluoride co-hexafluropropylene (PVdF-HFP)-polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-sodium thiocynate (NaSCN) as salt. The fabricated redox supercapacitor has been characterized by using cyclic voltammetry and charge-discharge techniques. The capacitance value of the cell has been observed to be in the range of 69 mF cm-2 which is equivalent to single electrode specific capacitance of 8.5 F g-1. The energy and power density of the cell has been found to be of the order of 1.2 Wh kg-1 and 0.2 kW kg-1. The coulombic efficiency of the cobalt cobaltite based capacitor cell have been observed (closed to 95%) due to application of highly flexible gel electrolyte which is showing liquid like properties.

[1] Y.Z. Zheng, M.L. Zhang and P. Gao, Mater. Res. Bull. 42, 1740 (2007)
[2] S.R. Sivakkumar, J.M. Ko, D.Y. Kim and G.G. Wallace, Eelctrochim Acta 52, 7377 (2007)
[3] D Qu, J Power Sources, 109, 403 (2002)
[4] S.A. Hashmi, Ashok Kumar and S.K. Tripathi, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 40, 6527 (2007)
[5] C.C. Hu, K.H. Chang, M.C. Lin and Y.T. Wu, Nano Lett, 6, 2690 (2006)....

This study investigated the effects of various natural fibers in a Bio-composite material. Different types of fibres viz sawdust, straw, rice husk and baggasse were used to prepare the samples and mechanical characterization were carried out. It was aimed to see the possibility of using bio-composite fibers, regarded as waste materials, in producing the highest mechanical properties. The tensile strength of the composites was measured with a universal testing machine in accordance with the ASTM Standards. The results had revealed that the Saw dust and baggasse fiber composite has shown improvement in mechanical properties, especially for tear resistance and tensile strength. However, the comparison of tensile strength with tear resistance results did not report any direct relationship between these characteristics.

[1] Sliwa, F., Bounia, N. E., Charrier, F., Marin, G., and Malet, F., "Mechanical and interfacial properties of wood and bio-based thermoplastic composite," Composites Science and Technology, Vol. 72, pp. 1733–1740, 2012.
[2] Younesi. M, and Bahrololoom, M. E., "Effect of temperature and pressure of hot pressing on the mechanical properties of PP–HA bio-composites", Materials and Design, Vol.30, pp. 3482–3488, 2009.
[3] Yang, H.S., Kim, H.J., Park, H.J., Lee, B. J., and Hwang, T. S., "Water absorption behavior and mechanical properties of lignocellulosic filler–polyolefin bio-composites", Composite Structures, Vol.72, pp. 429–437, 2006.
[4] Haq, M., Burgueño, R., Mohanty, A.K., and Misra, M., "Hybrid bio-based composites from blends of unsaturated polyester and soybean oil reinforced with nanoclay and natural fibers", Composites Science and Technology, Vol. 68, pp. 3344–3351, 2008.
[5] Hosseinpourpia, R., Varshoee, A., Soltani, M., Hosseini, P., and Tabari, H. Z., "Production of waste bio-fiber cement-based composites reinforced with nano-SiO2 particles as a substitute for asbestos cement composites", Construction and Building Materials, Vol.31, pp. 105–111, 2012.....

Gearing is one of the most critical components in mechanical power transmission systems. In the transmission of motion or power between the shafts, with definite velocity ratio and for a positive drive, gears are employed. Generally for medium power transmission spur gears with involute profile is used. In transmitting the power, the gears are subjected to number of stresses and the failure of the gear is mainly caused due to bending and pitting. The former can be avoided by providing high strength material i.e. material having high static strength but the pitting failure can be avoided only by proper surface hardening of the gear teeth. Most of the gear failures occur mainly due to contact failures. Pitting occurs at the pitch point on the surface of the tooth. The stresses developed are called as Contact stresses. The major objective of this project is to find the region of the surface distortion due to wear at vicinity of the pitch line. In this project both gear and pinion are modeled using Pro E (wildfire 2.0) as it offers versatile design schema and robust compatibility with analysis packages.After modeling, the pair is exported to ANSYS. The contact stresses were examined using 2-D FEM models and ANSYS on the spur gear tooth with full depth involute and it is found how the surface failure takes place on the pitch surface. The results of the two dimensional FEM analyses from ANSYS are presented.

[1]. www.cs.cmu.edu/People/rapidproto/mechanisms/references.html
[2]. Mechanical Engg design – Joseph E. Shigley.
[3]. Design data book – P.S.G. College of technology.
[4]. Design data book – K.Mahadevan & K.Balaveera Reddy.
[5]. Analysis and approximation of contact problem.....

The object of the present work is to observe the stress distribution and the temperature distribution of the clutch plate by changing the material. And for that we are taken one existing clutch plate dimensions and modeled it by using Pro-e after analysis is done by using Ansys. Here we have done two types of analyses on clutch plate namely static analysis and thermal analysis. By performing these analyses we got the results namely stress distribution and temperature distribution. Finally we compare the results steel and aluminium wet clutch plates.

[1] Machine design by S.Md.Jalaludeen, Anuradha agencies.
[2] Machine design by R.K. Jain
[3] Machine design by "R.S. Kurmi‟
[4] Design of machine elements by "Bandri‟
[5] Machine design by R.K. Rajput.......